AN EXISTENTIAL ANALYSIS ON TRUMAN BURBANK
IN ANDREW M. NICCOL’S SCREENPLAY THE TRUMAN SHOW
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FRONTIESTPIECE 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS 2
SUMMARY OF THE SCREENPLAY 3
THE TOPIC OF THE THESIS 4
THE REASON OF CHOOSING THE TOPIC 5
THE WAY TO ANALYZE THE THESIS 6
THE OUTLINE OF THE THESIS 8
BIBLIOGRAPHY 9
SUMMARY OF THE SCREENPLAY
THE TRUMAN SHOW by ANDREW M. NICCOLS
The main character named Truman Burbank is performed by Jim Carrey who discovers his life in a constructed reality soap opera, televised everyday and all the time to billions eyes across the world. The movie is framed about the television show entitled "The Truman Show." Its main character, Truman Burbank, has lived his entire life since before birth in front of cameras for the show, although he is unaware of this fact. The executive producer Christof intends to capture Truman's real emotion and human behavior which the other shows perform the fake action from an actor. Truman's hometown of Sea haven is a complete set built under a huge auditorium and populated by the show's actors and crew, allowing Christof to control every aspect of Truman's life, for the period of his 30th year "The Truman Show" has been on the air as well as the Truman Burbank’ age, Truman discovers facts that seem out of place, such as a spotlight that nearly hits him, people who do the same thing every day without any spontaneous act like a human being, and a "Truman Show" crew who forget to set up the new studio for the show and has been seen by Truman Burbank. These events initiate Truman to start wondering about his life.
The escape journey of Truman from Sea Haven is the climax of the story; he tries to invisible from the cameras so he can escape from Sea Haven by sailing the boat. In the end of the story, a conversation is happened between Truman and Cristof, a conversation where Cristof pursues Truman to stay in Sea Haven, but Truman keep his feet move on, and he says his last catchphrase as a man show sounded “In Case I don’t see you, good afternoon, good evening and goodnight.”
THE TOPIC OF THE THESIS
The topic of the thesis is about the finding of truly life by the main character in the screenplay. Why does he search the truly life? Does he live in a fake one? The answer is yes; his entirely life is made up by the director of the show, even his parents, his wife, his best friend, and all of the people around him. In order to find out the anxiety that he feels of the circumstance, he decides to escape from his town, and the journey to find the truly life is began.
This thesis examines the main character’s existence in Andrew M. Niccol’s screenplay entitled “The Truman Show” whose name is Truman Burbank. He has unauthentic life because he lives in a made up world. Truman Burbank is conditioned as a show man and he is unaware of it, he is adopted by Cristof, the director of the show who wants to capture the real emotion of human being and he is placed to the biggest artificial studio made as similar as the real world, it is called Sea Haven. One day he feels something missing in his perfect artificial life then he starts to figure it out by finding his truly existence as a free human being. Generally the topic of this thesis is finding the authentic life of man who lives in artificial world as long his ages.
THE REASON OF CHOOSING THE TOPIC
The Truman Show is a big critic to the modern life that pursues the order as the symbol of prosperity. Truman Burbank already has the ideal life as the common people want to have, a beautiful wife, good job, nice house, live in a good neighborhood, a best friend, and everybody treat him nicely. But he feels something missing in his life, he tries to reach something that he cannot mention what is called, until finally he find out that the place where he live is a big artificial studio of the real world, he realizes that he is not live in a real world and he is the doll of the people who is playing GOD of his life, his inner feeling pushes him to run away from Sea Haven, the place where he live, and get the freedom of being free human no matter what happen there.
This movie criticizes the modern life that trap human in some order life as the answer of prosperity, and they are getting forget their truly ambition to be. Truman shows us that there is nothing to fear to find out whom really we are, and to get our ambition no matter what happen, although he has to leave his order life and go to somewhere that he doesn’t know yet just for fulfilling his heart’s voice.
THE WAY TO ANALYZE THE THESIS
This thesis uses inductive method. It begins from the specific discussion to the general conclusion. The analysis is begun by collecting the data from the screenplay. Then find the interrelationship of the discussion matter, the latter one is find the general conclusion about the subject matter.
Moreover, the thesis uses library and cybernetic research to collect the sources connecting to the discussion. Those sources are obtained from several books, dictionary and websites. From library and cybernetic research, the writer gets the helpful data and information that support the thesis.
According to Semi, 1989: 40 that “Approach is a kind of method as well as the frame of mind that we use to set up to the next proper steps in criticism or interpretation”, this thesis choose the two appropriate approaches to give clear description and good explanation in accordance to the topic. Those approaches are structural analysis of the screen play and existential analysis.
The first theory is used to make the reader understand about the story intrinsically from the story itself divided into some topics to discuss about the internal elements of the story, those elements are theme, setting, plot, characterization, and point of view.
The second theory mentioned as Existential Analysis examines the main topic of the thesis that is the existence of Truman Burbank. An Existential Analysis analyzes human’s existence based on their ability to get the authentic life and the braveness of human to get what really they want to. Based to the existential analysis, human will experiences existential crisis when they get into mass human and forget their authentic self, and analysis existential is used to help them rediscover their authentic being of human. Existential Analysis proposed Viktor Frankl is considered as the most appropriate approache to analyze the topic of discussion. Victor Frankl, he divides his analysis into five topics. The first is the freedom of willing, then the willing to meaning, the meaning of life, Existential frustration and existential emptiness, and the last is collective and noogenic neurosis. The more explanation will be explained in the thesis discussion.
OUTLINE
FRONTIESTPIECE
PAGE OF DEDICATION
MOTTO
DECLARATION
APPROVAL SHEET
SUMMARRY
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Rationale
1.2 The Problem to Discuss
1.3 The Goal of the Study
1.4 The Research Methodology
CHAPTER II: THEORITICAL FRAMEWORKS
2.1 Previous Research
2.1.1 Novel Khotbah di Atas Bukit karya Kuntowijoyo dalam tinjauan Psikologi Eksistential
2.1.2 A Study on The Philosophical Aspects of Human Existence of The Four Characters in
Pearl S. Buck’s PAVILION OF WOMEN
2.2 Theoretical Reviews
2.2.1 Character Analysis
2.2.2 Existential Analysis
2.2.3 Logo Therapy : Viktor Frankl
CHAPTER III: AN EXISTENTIAL ANALYSIS ON TRUMAN BURBANK IN
ANDREW M NICCOLS’S SCREENPLAY THE TRUMAN SHOW
4.1 Truman Burbank as the Main Character of
The Truman Show
4.2 Truman Burbank as Human Being
4.3 An Existential Analysis on Truman Burbank
4.3.1 The Freedom of Willing
4.3.2 The Willing to Meaning
4.3.3 The Meaning of Life
4.3.4 Existential Frustration and Emptiness
4.3.5 Collective and Noogenic Neurosis
CHAPTER IV: CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Abidin, Z., 2007 ,Analisis Existential: Sebuah pendekatan Alternatif, Jakarta: P.T Raja Grafindo Persada .
Dagun, M. S., 1990, Filsafat Eksistensialisme, Jakarta : Rineka Cipta.
Hall, S.C. & Lindzey, G. , 1985, Introduction to theories of personality, New York : John Willey & Sons.
Jarviss, M., 2009, Teori – teori Psikologi, Bandung : Nusa Media.
Koeswara, E., 1987, Psikologi Eksistential, Bandung : P.T. Eresco.
May, R., 1969 ,Existential Psychology, New York : Random house.
Misiak, H. & Sexton, S.V., 1988 ,Psikologi fenomenologi existensial dan humanistic, Bandung : P.T. Eresco Bandung.
Niccols, M.A., 2009, The Truman Show, www.scriptsecret.com.
Thursday, June 10, 2010
Wednesday, June 9, 2010
THE INFLUNCE OF VICTORIAN AGE TOWARD CHARLES DICKENS’S NOVEL GREAT EXPECTATION As a requirement to fulfill Prose II assigment
As Levin states that the development of the story is also influenced by the social milieu, “The relation between literary works and social facts is reciprocal. Literary is not only the effect of social cause, it is also the cause of social itself” (Levin, 1962). So, it is clear that social condition of every age will influence their literary works produced, such as the masterpiece of the Great Novelist Charles Dickens. He tries to capture the social milieu in his age and reflects those visions into novel, Great Expectation. The Great Expectation which was written in 1861 was considered as the greatest novel which captured the parallel condition with the Victorian age, the age when it was made. Before we move on to the topic of discussion, we need to know about the explanation of the key words which build up the topic of discussion, those are Victorian Age and the novel of Charles Dickens’s great Expectation. After knowing the description of those minor topics, then we can relate those minor topics into the major topic to discuss THE INFLUNCE OF VICTORIAN AGE TOWARD CHARLES DICKENS’S NOVEL GREAT EXPECTATION.
A. VICTORIAN AGE
The Victorian reign was lead by Queen Victoria from June 1837 until her death on the 22nd of January 1901. It was considered as the longest reign in British reign history. The reign was a long period of prosperity for the British people, as profits gained from the overseas British Empire, as well as from industrial improvements at home, it is allowed an educated middle class to develop. Some scholars extend the beginning of the period—as defined by a variety of sensibilities and political games that have come to be associated with the Victorians. During her reign, there were so many problems faced, such as poverty, child labor, prostitution, and others. As the opposite of those bad conditions, in Victorian Age there was invented new technologies which brought new hope for civilization but on the other hand, it caused the plague of poverty, because most of human resources was substituted by technologies as the result of that condition, most of employees were fired and they no longer had a job. That social condition became a concern for some famous writer, in order to criticize the condition and to express their ideas; those well-known writers wrote novels which were indicated as literary history because of their ability to make complexity description about the social condition of the era through their works. Those brilliants writers are Thomas Carlyle's The French Revolution: A History, Great Expectations by Charles Dickens and Charles Dickens' A Tale of Two Cities. The social classes become the characteristic of Victorian Era, the image of Gentleman and the women position as a reflection of the reign of Queen Victoria influences Charles Dickens’s to make Great Expectation which lately was known as the literary work which summarized the history of the era into such of beautiful description of story. He described how the image which is built by such of culture of a certain era could gave big influence to somebody life, as it was reflected in characterization of Pip whose Great Expectation of being a gentleman for catching his love or the material things like glory, gold and lofty social class.
B. CHARLES DICKENS’S and GREAT EXPECTATION NOVEL
Charles Dickens was born in 1812 to John and Elizabeth Barrow Dickens in Portsmouth, Hampshire, England. He was the second of eight children. He lived in poverty because his father was in jail because some cases. He dropped out from school when he was 12 years old and worked in shoe dye or blacking, factory of labeling bottle. His experiences of living in poverty, gave many materials to his writing, after his father released from jail, he back to the school until 15 years old, his formal education was ended in that age, but he spent his time in reading books in public library. He began his career as writer and journalist in 1833 by writing articles on London life for magazine. In 1861 he wrote Great Expectation in series and published by the British Magazine which in the end of the day it became the famous story and he decided to rewrite it again into novel. There was some changes in the story in order to adapt in novel form such as the change of the ending of the story which rather different with the ending of the series one.
There is, however, little of this optimism in Dickens’s novels focused on the daily needs and problems of ordinary people: poverty, poor housing, and ill health, a horrifying level of child mortality, hunger, and long hours of grinding labor and also self acknowledgement as Pip look forward to his life.
The rapid changes of the time benefited some people long before others. Dickens is concerned with those still waiting for improvements and raises key moral and social questions in his writing: the need for schooling and the care of orphans and other deprived children, cruelty to children and the corruption of children by criminals, the problems created by emphasis unsocial class and newly acquired wealth, the problems created by rapid industrialization and urbanization and the conflict between employers and workers.
C. THE INFLUENCE OF VICTORIAN AGE TOWARD CHARLES DICKENS’S NOVEL GREAT EXPECTATION
Here below are written the analysis of the topic discussion which is summed up into some points of analysis:
1. The reign of Queen Victoria played big role to the women position in Victorian Era. Women get more honorable position in men’s eyes that the previous era. That condition is reflected by the characterization of Estella. Estella is adopted by wealthy lady named Miss Havisham, as her redemption to be hurt by her man; she arranges her project to make Estella as the heart breaker of every man who loves her, and Pip is one of those men. Estella is great beauty, arrogant, cold, and she entrances Pip. It is reflected in dialog below :
To stand in the dark in a mysterious passage of an unknown house, bawling Estella to a scornful young lady neither visible nor responsive, and feeling it a dreadful liberty so to roar out her name, was almost as bad as playing to order. But she answered at last, and her light came along the dark passage like a star.
Miss Havisham beckoned her to come close, and took up a jewel from the table, and tried its effect upon her fair young bosom and against her pretty brown hair. “Your own, one day, my dear, and you will use it well. Let me see you play cards with this boy.”
“With this boy? Why, he is a common laboring boy!”
I thought I overheard Miss Havisham answer; only it seemed so unlikely, “Well? You can break his heart.”
“What do you play boy?” asked Estella of myself, with greatest disdain. (Chapter 8 page 53)
In Victorian middle class ideology, women should be confined to the home to better protect them from the immoral influences of the world, in order that they the naturally more moral sex, it should exert their good influence on their husband and children, and through them the society at large. A powerful image, the ideal of the Angel in the House lasted throughout the Victorian period, despite its waning links to reality.
In Great Expectations Charles Dickens presents a very different view of Victorian women. Transcending class lines, Dickens provides powerful portraits of calculating and manipulative women, with no hint of the softness and capacity for sympathy that characterizes the ideal Victorian woman. Mrs. Joe is portrayed in the beginning of the novel as mean, petty, ungrateful, and finally, unfeeling:
What did you say?" cried my sister, beginning to scream. “What did you say? What did that fellow Orlick say to me, Pip? What did he call me, with my husband standing by? O! O! O!" Each of these exclamations was a shriek; and I must remark of my sister, what is equally true of all the violent women I have ever seen, that passion was no excuse for her, she consciously and deliberately took extraordinary pains to force herself into it, and became blindly furious by regular stages; “what was the name he gave me before the base man who swore to defend me? O! Hold me! O! (Chapter 15 page 92).
Despite the intensity of Mrs. Joe's emotions, there is no real human feeling involved. Compare her tantrum with Estella's coolness:
The garden was overgrown and rank for walking in with ease, and after we had made the round of it twice or thrice, we came out again into the brewery yard. I showed her to a nicety where I had seen her walking on the casks, that first old day, and she said, with a cold and careless look in that direction, “Did I?" I reminded her where she had come out of the house and given me my meat and drink, and she said, “I don't remember." “Not remember that you made me cry?" said I. “No," said she, and shook her head and looked about her. I verily believe that her not remembering and not minding in the least, made me cry again, inwardly and that is the sharpest crying of all.
"You must know," said Estella, condescending to me as a brilliant and beautiful woman might, “that I have no heart if that has anything to do with my memory
The combination of these characters one working class, one upper class creates a sense in the novel that not only do women not conform to the sympathetic, domestic ideal; they are often completely opposed to it.
2. There is some sorrowful fact in Victorian Era, Poverty and child labor. In the Great Expectation novel, Charles Dickens also portrays that fact. The poverty of Pip’s family which suggests Pip to labor. His first labor is helping his neighbor to frighten birds, pick up stone etc, that thing which bring Pip to Manor house and meet Miss. Havisham and Estella. It is written below the text pointed to the analysis :
When I was old enough, I was to be apprenticed to Joe, and until I could assume that dignity I was not to be what Mrs. Joe called “Pompeyed”, or (as I render it) pampered. Therefore, I was not only odd-boy about forge, but if any neighbor happened to want an extra boy to frighten birds, or pick up stones, or do any such job, I was favored with the employment. (Chapter 7 page 42)
The laboring time for Pip is continuing when he gets older, to be the apprentice to Joe, learning to be a blacksmith, the text pointed to is:
I was fully old enough now to be apprenticed to Joe…As if I had besought them as a favor to bother my life out.
“Tell me the name again of blacksmith of yours”
“Joe Gargery. Ma’am”
“Meaning the master you were to be apprenticed to?”
“Yes, miss Havisham” (Chapter 12 page 76)
3. The impression of Victorian perception of a “Gentleman” has been incorporated in this novel. A true gentleman is characterized by his virtue and not his gentility. He was capable maintaining a delicate balance between social and moral features. He is a noble and honorable man, a man who has fine ethical values. In the novel, the perception of Gentleman plays big role to the young pip that later lead him to be the true gentleman, despite of those description of Gentleman, the true Gentleman of this novel is Joe Gargery, a man who always noble and make the other importance comes first beside his own importance, as it is written below :
Joe was a fair man, with curls of flaxen hair on each side of his smooth face, and with eyes of such a very undecided blue that they seemed to have somehow got mixed with their own whites. He was mild, good natured, sweet tempered, easy going, foolish, dear fellow, a sort of Hercules in strength, and also in weakness. (Chapter 2 page 21)
Home had never been a very pleasant place to me, because of my sister’s temper. But, Joe had sanctified it, (Chapter 14 page 81)
We were equals afterward, as we had been before, but afterwards at quite times when I sat looking at Joe and thinking about him, I had a new sensation of feeling conscious that I was looking up to Joe in my heart” (Chapter 7 page 56)
The image of Victorian gentleman is also showed by Herbert Pocket and his father Mathew Pocket who teaches Pip to be a true Gentleman:
“Mr. Pip?” said he
“Mr. Pocket?” said I.
“Dear me!” he exclaimed. “I am extremely sorry, but I knew there was coach from your part of the country at midday, and I thought you would come by that one. The fact is, I have been out on your account, not that is any excuse, for I thought, coming from the country, you might like a little fruit after dinner, and I went to Covent Garden Market to get it good.”
For reason that I had. I felt as if my eyes would start out of my head. I acknowledged his attention incoherently, and began to think this was a dream
“Lord bless me, you are the prowling boy!”
“And you,” said I “Are the pale young gentleman!” (Chapter 21 page 123)
“…no man who was not a true gentleman at heart, ever was, since the world began, a true gentleman in manner…no varnish can hide the grain of the wood and that the more varnish you put on, the more the grain will express itself.”(Chapter 22 page 209)
4. The gap of social classes is also appeared in this novel, as the struggle of Pip to be Gentleman is one of reason for Pip to get along with Estella, because he comes from the lower class, he has to get the upper class in making possibility together with Estella.
“…one man is blacksmith, and one man is whitesmith and one is a goldsmith and one is a coppersmith. Divisions among such must come, and must be met as they come”
“you such a common boy and has coarse hands” insulted Estella to
5. The architecture of Miss Havisham’s house is also reflected the middle up class house in Victorian Age. This below is a picture of house from Victorian Age that has similarity to the Manor house described by Pip in Chapter 8 page 49
Miss Havisham’s house which was of old brick and dismal, and had great many iron bars to it. …There was a courtyard in front and that was barred…we waited at the gate (chapter 8 page 49)
Great Expectation was known as the greatest novel from its age until now. Its main character was called Pip reflected the common boy who wanted to get the better life, through Pip’s eyes Dickens wanted to converse the social gap between rich and poor, and the social split between the upper and lower classes. Moreover when Dickens described the struggle of Pip’s in climbing the social-economic ladder through education and self improvement; it was showed that there was fundamental social injustice of such societal inequality. The struggle of Pip’s to be a gentleman was reflected as his desire to get upper social classes and to make his self more acceptable by the noble person; his love to Estella was his ambition of Pip to get such of luxury life. Estella was reflection of those kinds of life, noble, honorable, rich, beauty, and Pip not only fell in love with Estella’s but also fell in love with her luxury life, noble social class, the extravagance life style, and others materials things. That was described on the ending of the novel version, the materials motive was the most concern on Pip motivation in catching Estella, but in original version the ending said the opposite of the novel. The fact explained that the world face the same problems with Pip, there was some consideration in making life more harmony, although most times it fight our natural conscience.
A. VICTORIAN AGE
The Victorian reign was lead by Queen Victoria from June 1837 until her death on the 22nd of January 1901. It was considered as the longest reign in British reign history. The reign was a long period of prosperity for the British people, as profits gained from the overseas British Empire, as well as from industrial improvements at home, it is allowed an educated middle class to develop. Some scholars extend the beginning of the period—as defined by a variety of sensibilities and political games that have come to be associated with the Victorians. During her reign, there were so many problems faced, such as poverty, child labor, prostitution, and others. As the opposite of those bad conditions, in Victorian Age there was invented new technologies which brought new hope for civilization but on the other hand, it caused the plague of poverty, because most of human resources was substituted by technologies as the result of that condition, most of employees were fired and they no longer had a job. That social condition became a concern for some famous writer, in order to criticize the condition and to express their ideas; those well-known writers wrote novels which were indicated as literary history because of their ability to make complexity description about the social condition of the era through their works. Those brilliants writers are Thomas Carlyle's The French Revolution: A History, Great Expectations by Charles Dickens and Charles Dickens' A Tale of Two Cities. The social classes become the characteristic of Victorian Era, the image of Gentleman and the women position as a reflection of the reign of Queen Victoria influences Charles Dickens’s to make Great Expectation which lately was known as the literary work which summarized the history of the era into such of beautiful description of story. He described how the image which is built by such of culture of a certain era could gave big influence to somebody life, as it was reflected in characterization of Pip whose Great Expectation of being a gentleman for catching his love or the material things like glory, gold and lofty social class.
B. CHARLES DICKENS’S and GREAT EXPECTATION NOVEL
Charles Dickens was born in 1812 to John and Elizabeth Barrow Dickens in Portsmouth, Hampshire, England. He was the second of eight children. He lived in poverty because his father was in jail because some cases. He dropped out from school when he was 12 years old and worked in shoe dye or blacking, factory of labeling bottle. His experiences of living in poverty, gave many materials to his writing, after his father released from jail, he back to the school until 15 years old, his formal education was ended in that age, but he spent his time in reading books in public library. He began his career as writer and journalist in 1833 by writing articles on London life for magazine. In 1861 he wrote Great Expectation in series and published by the British Magazine which in the end of the day it became the famous story and he decided to rewrite it again into novel. There was some changes in the story in order to adapt in novel form such as the change of the ending of the story which rather different with the ending of the series one.
There is, however, little of this optimism in Dickens’s novels focused on the daily needs and problems of ordinary people: poverty, poor housing, and ill health, a horrifying level of child mortality, hunger, and long hours of grinding labor and also self acknowledgement as Pip look forward to his life.
The rapid changes of the time benefited some people long before others. Dickens is concerned with those still waiting for improvements and raises key moral and social questions in his writing: the need for schooling and the care of orphans and other deprived children, cruelty to children and the corruption of children by criminals, the problems created by emphasis unsocial class and newly acquired wealth, the problems created by rapid industrialization and urbanization and the conflict between employers and workers.
C. THE INFLUENCE OF VICTORIAN AGE TOWARD CHARLES DICKENS’S NOVEL GREAT EXPECTATION
Here below are written the analysis of the topic discussion which is summed up into some points of analysis:
1. The reign of Queen Victoria played big role to the women position in Victorian Era. Women get more honorable position in men’s eyes that the previous era. That condition is reflected by the characterization of Estella. Estella is adopted by wealthy lady named Miss Havisham, as her redemption to be hurt by her man; she arranges her project to make Estella as the heart breaker of every man who loves her, and Pip is one of those men. Estella is great beauty, arrogant, cold, and she entrances Pip. It is reflected in dialog below :
To stand in the dark in a mysterious passage of an unknown house, bawling Estella to a scornful young lady neither visible nor responsive, and feeling it a dreadful liberty so to roar out her name, was almost as bad as playing to order. But she answered at last, and her light came along the dark passage like a star.
Miss Havisham beckoned her to come close, and took up a jewel from the table, and tried its effect upon her fair young bosom and against her pretty brown hair. “Your own, one day, my dear, and you will use it well. Let me see you play cards with this boy.”
“With this boy? Why, he is a common laboring boy!”
I thought I overheard Miss Havisham answer; only it seemed so unlikely, “Well? You can break his heart.”
“What do you play boy?” asked Estella of myself, with greatest disdain. (Chapter 8 page 53)
In Victorian middle class ideology, women should be confined to the home to better protect them from the immoral influences of the world, in order that they the naturally more moral sex, it should exert their good influence on their husband and children, and through them the society at large. A powerful image, the ideal of the Angel in the House lasted throughout the Victorian period, despite its waning links to reality.
In Great Expectations Charles Dickens presents a very different view of Victorian women. Transcending class lines, Dickens provides powerful portraits of calculating and manipulative women, with no hint of the softness and capacity for sympathy that characterizes the ideal Victorian woman. Mrs. Joe is portrayed in the beginning of the novel as mean, petty, ungrateful, and finally, unfeeling:
What did you say?" cried my sister, beginning to scream. “What did you say? What did that fellow Orlick say to me, Pip? What did he call me, with my husband standing by? O! O! O!" Each of these exclamations was a shriek; and I must remark of my sister, what is equally true of all the violent women I have ever seen, that passion was no excuse for her, she consciously and deliberately took extraordinary pains to force herself into it, and became blindly furious by regular stages; “what was the name he gave me before the base man who swore to defend me? O! Hold me! O! (Chapter 15 page 92).
Despite the intensity of Mrs. Joe's emotions, there is no real human feeling involved. Compare her tantrum with Estella's coolness:
The garden was overgrown and rank for walking in with ease, and after we had made the round of it twice or thrice, we came out again into the brewery yard. I showed her to a nicety where I had seen her walking on the casks, that first old day, and she said, with a cold and careless look in that direction, “Did I?" I reminded her where she had come out of the house and given me my meat and drink, and she said, “I don't remember." “Not remember that you made me cry?" said I. “No," said she, and shook her head and looked about her. I verily believe that her not remembering and not minding in the least, made me cry again, inwardly and that is the sharpest crying of all.
"You must know," said Estella, condescending to me as a brilliant and beautiful woman might, “that I have no heart if that has anything to do with my memory
The combination of these characters one working class, one upper class creates a sense in the novel that not only do women not conform to the sympathetic, domestic ideal; they are often completely opposed to it.
2. There is some sorrowful fact in Victorian Era, Poverty and child labor. In the Great Expectation novel, Charles Dickens also portrays that fact. The poverty of Pip’s family which suggests Pip to labor. His first labor is helping his neighbor to frighten birds, pick up stone etc, that thing which bring Pip to Manor house and meet Miss. Havisham and Estella. It is written below the text pointed to the analysis :
When I was old enough, I was to be apprenticed to Joe, and until I could assume that dignity I was not to be what Mrs. Joe called “Pompeyed”, or (as I render it) pampered. Therefore, I was not only odd-boy about forge, but if any neighbor happened to want an extra boy to frighten birds, or pick up stones, or do any such job, I was favored with the employment. (Chapter 7 page 42)
The laboring time for Pip is continuing when he gets older, to be the apprentice to Joe, learning to be a blacksmith, the text pointed to is:
I was fully old enough now to be apprenticed to Joe…As if I had besought them as a favor to bother my life out.
“Tell me the name again of blacksmith of yours”
“Joe Gargery. Ma’am”
“Meaning the master you were to be apprenticed to?”
“Yes, miss Havisham” (Chapter 12 page 76)
3. The impression of Victorian perception of a “Gentleman” has been incorporated in this novel. A true gentleman is characterized by his virtue and not his gentility. He was capable maintaining a delicate balance between social and moral features. He is a noble and honorable man, a man who has fine ethical values. In the novel, the perception of Gentleman plays big role to the young pip that later lead him to be the true gentleman, despite of those description of Gentleman, the true Gentleman of this novel is Joe Gargery, a man who always noble and make the other importance comes first beside his own importance, as it is written below :
Joe was a fair man, with curls of flaxen hair on each side of his smooth face, and with eyes of such a very undecided blue that they seemed to have somehow got mixed with their own whites. He was mild, good natured, sweet tempered, easy going, foolish, dear fellow, a sort of Hercules in strength, and also in weakness. (Chapter 2 page 21)
Home had never been a very pleasant place to me, because of my sister’s temper. But, Joe had sanctified it, (Chapter 14 page 81)
We were equals afterward, as we had been before, but afterwards at quite times when I sat looking at Joe and thinking about him, I had a new sensation of feeling conscious that I was looking up to Joe in my heart” (Chapter 7 page 56)
The image of Victorian gentleman is also showed by Herbert Pocket and his father Mathew Pocket who teaches Pip to be a true Gentleman:
“Mr. Pip?” said he
“Mr. Pocket?” said I.
“Dear me!” he exclaimed. “I am extremely sorry, but I knew there was coach from your part of the country at midday, and I thought you would come by that one. The fact is, I have been out on your account, not that is any excuse, for I thought, coming from the country, you might like a little fruit after dinner, and I went to Covent Garden Market to get it good.”
For reason that I had. I felt as if my eyes would start out of my head. I acknowledged his attention incoherently, and began to think this was a dream
“Lord bless me, you are the prowling boy!”
“And you,” said I “Are the pale young gentleman!” (Chapter 21 page 123)
“…no man who was not a true gentleman at heart, ever was, since the world began, a true gentleman in manner…no varnish can hide the grain of the wood and that the more varnish you put on, the more the grain will express itself.”(Chapter 22 page 209)
4. The gap of social classes is also appeared in this novel, as the struggle of Pip to be Gentleman is one of reason for Pip to get along with Estella, because he comes from the lower class, he has to get the upper class in making possibility together with Estella.
“…one man is blacksmith, and one man is whitesmith and one is a goldsmith and one is a coppersmith. Divisions among such must come, and must be met as they come”
“you such a common boy and has coarse hands” insulted Estella to
5. The architecture of Miss Havisham’s house is also reflected the middle up class house in Victorian Age. This below is a picture of house from Victorian Age that has similarity to the Manor house described by Pip in Chapter 8 page 49
Miss Havisham’s house which was of old brick and dismal, and had great many iron bars to it. …There was a courtyard in front and that was barred…we waited at the gate (chapter 8 page 49)
Great Expectation was known as the greatest novel from its age until now. Its main character was called Pip reflected the common boy who wanted to get the better life, through Pip’s eyes Dickens wanted to converse the social gap between rich and poor, and the social split between the upper and lower classes. Moreover when Dickens described the struggle of Pip’s in climbing the social-economic ladder through education and self improvement; it was showed that there was fundamental social injustice of such societal inequality. The struggle of Pip’s to be a gentleman was reflected as his desire to get upper social classes and to make his self more acceptable by the noble person; his love to Estella was his ambition of Pip to get such of luxury life. Estella was reflection of those kinds of life, noble, honorable, rich, beauty, and Pip not only fell in love with Estella’s but also fell in love with her luxury life, noble social class, the extravagance life style, and others materials things. That was described on the ending of the novel version, the materials motive was the most concern on Pip motivation in catching Estella, but in original version the ending said the opposite of the novel. The fact explained that the world face the same problems with Pip, there was some consideration in making life more harmony, although most times it fight our natural conscience.
THEME ANALYSIS In HENRY IBSEN’S ROSMERSHOLM Presented to fulfill DRAMA II Assignment
I. Biography of Henry Ibsen
Henry Johan Ibsen was born in Skein, Norwegian in 20 march 1828 and dead in Oslo, Norwegian when he got his 78 years of life. He was the most famous dramatist Norwegian. He played the big role to the development of realistic drama and he was called as “The Father of Modern Drama”. That call name was given to him because all of his dramas tried to converse the truth of life and broke through Victorian drama that recognized the social problem in good and bad only and put the structured European family on the top. Ibsen tried to converse his controversial idea that in life we not only recognized white and bad only, there was grey area that cannot mention it validity to judge it as wrong or right, Ibsen tried to converse that life is a bunch of conflicts and life is not a fairy tale that the winner is always the good one. He broke the illusion of his audience that goodness always brought happiness and immorality just gave pain. He was considered as the biggest dramatist of Norwegian and his idea was the most prominent one in the world history, he made the new concept that drama is not only an entertainment but art.
II. Synopsys of ROSMERSHOLM
ROSMERSHOLM is a house owned by Johannes Rosmer, former clergymen who decided become politician after he met Rebecca West, his wife’s friend, Beata. There was so many conflicts happened since the coming of Rebecca to the ROSMERSHOLM. Started by the mindset change of Rosmer who had political desire by supporting the new elected government until the guilty feeling of Beata for her infertility that led her into suicide, those incidents led Rebecca and Rosmer fell in love. They love affair had been interrupted by Dr. Kroll because he didn’t agree with Rosmer’s decision to be politician and betrayed his ruling-class roots as clergymen, so Dr. Kroll who was his brother in law tried to confront Rosmer that he and Rebecca had love affair in order to disturb Rosmer’s attention to his political project. As the story went, this drama was ended by the dead of Rosmer and Rebecca by commit suicide.
III. The meaning of the term of THEME
Theme is the idea of a story. It is divided into two kinds, the major theme and the minor theme.
Major theme is the main idea of the wholly story while the minor theme is the certain idea which is found in the certain part of the story.
Theme has so many variations such as love, brotherhood, humanity, and other.
IV. Theme Analysis in Henry Ibsen’s ROSMERSHOLM
Major theme of ROSMERSHOLM is the social and political change. The change is influenced by some idea concepts of emancipation and liberalism which later will be the minor theme found in the certain dialog.
The theme analysis will be divided into parts as it is shown in the drama which is divided into four acts. The minor theme will be supported by the supporting dialog which proper to the theme defined.
The major theme will be supported by the minor themes which are found in the certain dialog and lead it into general conclusion that is major theme.
• ACT 1
Act one shows some dialogs refer to the minor themes that support the major theme
The dialogs that intend to the minor theme: Emancipation
Kroll : well, under any circumstances, I shouldn’t expect you, as a woman, to take sides actively in the civic dispute civil war; I might call it- that is ranging here. But I expect you will have read the attacks these gentlemen of the people have been pleased to shower upon me... (Page: 32)
Brendel : To lay hold on life with a strong hand. Move forward. Move upward…. I mean to lay my mite upon the altar of emancipation. (page: 45)
Brendel : Not a word. That dull, mechanical task of wirting it down has always roused a sickening aversion in me. And why, moreover, should I prostitute my own ideals, when I could have them ….(Page 46)
Rosmer : a new summer has come into my spirit. A new youth into my vision. And that’s why I stand there now—(page: 49)
Kroll : Where….Where do you stand?
Rosmer : There, where your children stand
Kroll : You…You….but imposible
Rosmer : On the same side as Laurits and Hilda
Kroll : Apostate. John Rosmer, Apostate
Rosmer : I should have felt so contented, so deeply happy about this, that you call apostasy. But all of that I suffered keenly. Because I knew well enough that it would mean bitter distress for you
Kroll : Rosmer…..rosmer, ……..to help the work of destruction and ruin in this unhappy land
Rosmer : It’s the work of emancipation I want to share in(page 50)
The dialogs that intend to the minor theme: Liberalism
Kroll : Yes , I know all about that. That is what it’s called, both by seducers and victims. But do you really think there’s any emancipation to be expected from the spirit that now birds fair to poison the whole life our community? (Page 50)
Rosmer : I’m not attracted to the spirit that prevails. Nor to either of the parties. I want to try and get people together from all side……..to build up a true democratic outlook in the country.
Kroll : So you don’t think we have sufficiently democratic outlook!.......which usually suits only the common people
Rosmer : That’s just way I want to set democracy to its proper work
The dialogs that intend to the minor theme: Rebellion
Kroll : Will you believe it, that my own children……has embroiled a red portfolio to keep The LIGTHOUSE in
Rosmer : I should never have dreamt it, your family in your own house
Kroll : No, who would dream of thing like that? In my house, where obedience and order have always reigned, where up till now there has only been the one united purpose (page 38)
• ACT 2
The dialogs that intend to the minor theme: Emancipation
Kroll: Could I doubt for a moment, at that time, that she was out of her mind? Such an accusation against a man like you! And then she came again, about a month later. Then she seemed to be quieter in her mind. But as she was going, she said, ‘Now they can soon expect the white horse at Rosmersholm.’(page:61)
Rebekka: Yesterday evening, when our friend Ulrik Brendel was just going, I gave him a line or two to take to Mortensgaard.(page:56)
Rebekka: I said that he would be going you a service if took a little notice of the poor man and helped him in anyway he could.(page:56)
Mortensgaard: May I have leave to report in The Light House that you’ve arrived at other views—and that you support the liberal and progressive cause?(page:67)
• ACT 3
The dialogs that intend to the minor theme: Self-Knowledge
Rosmer: Just think, if I could rouse them to self-knowledge! Bring them to repent...(Page: 86)
Rosmer: love, yes my dear, that’s what I mean. Already while beate was a live, it was you alone that I longed for. It was with you that I felt that quiet….. (page:88)
Rebekka: however, since he now feels it a necessity to fee himself on all side (page:90)
Kroll: I assumed that a so—called ’emancipated’ man knew how to overcome all his scruples. But there we are, then! As a matter of fact, it was pretty much what I expected. …(page:91)
Kroll: well, I think the same thing has happened with most of what you term your emancipation. You’ve read up for yourself a whole lot of new ideas and opinions…(page94)
Rebekka: I wanted us two to go forward together toward freedom. Always forward. Always further on. But then there was…. (page:97)
• ACT 4
The dialogs that intend to the minor theme: Self-Acknowledgement
Rebecca : It is quite true that at one time I did play my car……..you understand
Rosmer : You succeeded……what you wanted
Rebecca : I think I could have carried it through…….for the rest of my life (page 106 – 107)
The minor themes found in the dialogs are emancipation, rebellion, liberalism, self knowledge and self acknowledgement that leads to the major theme that is social and political change. The major theme is the main idea of the drama which uses the minor theme as the supporting idea to support major theme. Trough this drama, Ibsen tries to converse about the development of free-thinking reflected by those characters and their role to the play. He also wants to say that the oppression is not the wise way to deliver new idea in the society. The oppression of the new idea should be seen in the way individuals deal with the established moral code of society.
Henry Johan Ibsen was born in Skein, Norwegian in 20 march 1828 and dead in Oslo, Norwegian when he got his 78 years of life. He was the most famous dramatist Norwegian. He played the big role to the development of realistic drama and he was called as “The Father of Modern Drama”. That call name was given to him because all of his dramas tried to converse the truth of life and broke through Victorian drama that recognized the social problem in good and bad only and put the structured European family on the top. Ibsen tried to converse his controversial idea that in life we not only recognized white and bad only, there was grey area that cannot mention it validity to judge it as wrong or right, Ibsen tried to converse that life is a bunch of conflicts and life is not a fairy tale that the winner is always the good one. He broke the illusion of his audience that goodness always brought happiness and immorality just gave pain. He was considered as the biggest dramatist of Norwegian and his idea was the most prominent one in the world history, he made the new concept that drama is not only an entertainment but art.
II. Synopsys of ROSMERSHOLM
ROSMERSHOLM is a house owned by Johannes Rosmer, former clergymen who decided become politician after he met Rebecca West, his wife’s friend, Beata. There was so many conflicts happened since the coming of Rebecca to the ROSMERSHOLM. Started by the mindset change of Rosmer who had political desire by supporting the new elected government until the guilty feeling of Beata for her infertility that led her into suicide, those incidents led Rebecca and Rosmer fell in love. They love affair had been interrupted by Dr. Kroll because he didn’t agree with Rosmer’s decision to be politician and betrayed his ruling-class roots as clergymen, so Dr. Kroll who was his brother in law tried to confront Rosmer that he and Rebecca had love affair in order to disturb Rosmer’s attention to his political project. As the story went, this drama was ended by the dead of Rosmer and Rebecca by commit suicide.
III. The meaning of the term of THEME
Theme is the idea of a story. It is divided into two kinds, the major theme and the minor theme.
Major theme is the main idea of the wholly story while the minor theme is the certain idea which is found in the certain part of the story.
Theme has so many variations such as love, brotherhood, humanity, and other.
IV. Theme Analysis in Henry Ibsen’s ROSMERSHOLM
Major theme of ROSMERSHOLM is the social and political change. The change is influenced by some idea concepts of emancipation and liberalism which later will be the minor theme found in the certain dialog.
The theme analysis will be divided into parts as it is shown in the drama which is divided into four acts. The minor theme will be supported by the supporting dialog which proper to the theme defined.
The major theme will be supported by the minor themes which are found in the certain dialog and lead it into general conclusion that is major theme.
• ACT 1
Act one shows some dialogs refer to the minor themes that support the major theme
The dialogs that intend to the minor theme: Emancipation
Kroll : well, under any circumstances, I shouldn’t expect you, as a woman, to take sides actively in the civic dispute civil war; I might call it- that is ranging here. But I expect you will have read the attacks these gentlemen of the people have been pleased to shower upon me... (Page: 32)
Brendel : To lay hold on life with a strong hand. Move forward. Move upward…. I mean to lay my mite upon the altar of emancipation. (page: 45)
Brendel : Not a word. That dull, mechanical task of wirting it down has always roused a sickening aversion in me. And why, moreover, should I prostitute my own ideals, when I could have them ….(Page 46)
Rosmer : a new summer has come into my spirit. A new youth into my vision. And that’s why I stand there now—(page: 49)
Kroll : Where….Where do you stand?
Rosmer : There, where your children stand
Kroll : You…You….but imposible
Rosmer : On the same side as Laurits and Hilda
Kroll : Apostate. John Rosmer, Apostate
Rosmer : I should have felt so contented, so deeply happy about this, that you call apostasy. But all of that I suffered keenly. Because I knew well enough that it would mean bitter distress for you
Kroll : Rosmer…..rosmer, ……..to help the work of destruction and ruin in this unhappy land
Rosmer : It’s the work of emancipation I want to share in(page 50)
The dialogs that intend to the minor theme: Liberalism
Kroll : Yes , I know all about that. That is what it’s called, both by seducers and victims. But do you really think there’s any emancipation to be expected from the spirit that now birds fair to poison the whole life our community? (Page 50)
Rosmer : I’m not attracted to the spirit that prevails. Nor to either of the parties. I want to try and get people together from all side……..to build up a true democratic outlook in the country.
Kroll : So you don’t think we have sufficiently democratic outlook!.......which usually suits only the common people
Rosmer : That’s just way I want to set democracy to its proper work
The dialogs that intend to the minor theme: Rebellion
Kroll : Will you believe it, that my own children……has embroiled a red portfolio to keep The LIGTHOUSE in
Rosmer : I should never have dreamt it, your family in your own house
Kroll : No, who would dream of thing like that? In my house, where obedience and order have always reigned, where up till now there has only been the one united purpose (page 38)
• ACT 2
The dialogs that intend to the minor theme: Emancipation
Kroll: Could I doubt for a moment, at that time, that she was out of her mind? Such an accusation against a man like you! And then she came again, about a month later. Then she seemed to be quieter in her mind. But as she was going, she said, ‘Now they can soon expect the white horse at Rosmersholm.’(page:61)
Rebekka: Yesterday evening, when our friend Ulrik Brendel was just going, I gave him a line or two to take to Mortensgaard.(page:56)
Rebekka: I said that he would be going you a service if took a little notice of the poor man and helped him in anyway he could.(page:56)
Mortensgaard: May I have leave to report in The Light House that you’ve arrived at other views—and that you support the liberal and progressive cause?(page:67)
• ACT 3
The dialogs that intend to the minor theme: Self-Knowledge
Rosmer: Just think, if I could rouse them to self-knowledge! Bring them to repent...(Page: 86)
Rosmer: love, yes my dear, that’s what I mean. Already while beate was a live, it was you alone that I longed for. It was with you that I felt that quiet….. (page:88)
Rebekka: however, since he now feels it a necessity to fee himself on all side (page:90)
Kroll: I assumed that a so—called ’emancipated’ man knew how to overcome all his scruples. But there we are, then! As a matter of fact, it was pretty much what I expected. …(page:91)
Kroll: well, I think the same thing has happened with most of what you term your emancipation. You’ve read up for yourself a whole lot of new ideas and opinions…(page94)
Rebekka: I wanted us two to go forward together toward freedom. Always forward. Always further on. But then there was…. (page:97)
• ACT 4
The dialogs that intend to the minor theme: Self-Acknowledgement
Rebecca : It is quite true that at one time I did play my car……..you understand
Rosmer : You succeeded……what you wanted
Rebecca : I think I could have carried it through…….for the rest of my life (page 106 – 107)
The minor themes found in the dialogs are emancipation, rebellion, liberalism, self knowledge and self acknowledgement that leads to the major theme that is social and political change. The major theme is the main idea of the drama which uses the minor theme as the supporting idea to support major theme. Trough this drama, Ibsen tries to converse about the development of free-thinking reflected by those characters and their role to the play. He also wants to say that the oppression is not the wise way to deliver new idea in the society. The oppression of the new idea should be seen in the way individuals deal with the established moral code of society.
A Theory of Human Motivation: A.H. Maslow
A Theory of Human Motivation: A.H. Maslow
A human motivation is centered to the human being and is not synonymous with behavior theory. The motivations are only one class of determinants of behavior, while behavior is almost always biologically, culturally and situational. The motivation theory is related to the basic needs of human being, in relation to the existence of human being, the fulfillment of basic needs is way to get the truly existence of human being signed by self actualization. Maslow divides the basic needs of human being into five needs, the physiological need, the safety need, the love need, the esteem need, and the need for self actualization.
1. The physiological needs. It is based on physiological drives related to the concept of homeostasis and finding the appetites concerned to the preferential choices among foods. The physiological needs is the most surface need of human being, because it is related to the physiological drive such as hunger, thirsty, sleepy, and another physiological things. Interconnected to the concept of homeostasis and finding the appetites refer to the body automatic effort to maintain the health of the body. The concept of homeostasis such as maintain the normal state of blood stream (It has been described that the normal blood stream is related to water content of blood, salt content, sugar content, protein content, fat content, calcium content, oxygen content, constant hydrogen-ion level (acid-base balance) and the constant temperature of the blood, those are the physical appearance need of human being and it is so base need of human being. When the basic need of physiological has been completed, then human being moves to the next steep of need.
2. The safety need. Sometimes, human being feel to be dominated by the other one, and that makes uncomfortable feeling to the human itself, and they need the safety need. So, the safety need is not only concern to the safe of accident, safe of disaster, or safe of violence but also safe of comfortable feeling and safe to their selves.
If the physiological needs are relatively well gratified, there then emerges a new set of needs, which we may categorize roughly as the safety needs all that has been said of the physiological needs is equally true, although in lesser degree, of these desires.
The organism may equally well be wholly dominated by them. They may serve as the almost exclusive organizer of behavior, recruiting all the capacities of the organism in their services, and we may then fairly describe the whole organism as a safety-seeking mechanism. Again we may say of the receptors, the effectors, of the intellect and the other capacities that they are primarily safety-seeking tools. Again, as in the hungry man, we find that the dominating goal is a strong determinant not only of his current world-outlook and philosophy but also of his philosophy of the future. Practically everything looks less important than safety, (even sometimes the physiological needs which being satisfied, are now underestimated). A man, in this state, if it is extreme enough and chronic enough, we may characterized as living almost for safety one.
3. The third is the love need, if the physiological and safety need has been fulfilled, then human will hunger of love, they hunger of affectionate relation with people in general. In society relationship, there are the cases of maladjustment which influences the fulfillment of the love need of human being. Maladjustment is the inability of human to adapt in society and it is related to the severe psychopathology. Love and affection as usually are expressed in sexuality, are generally looked upon to the ambivalence to the human needs. And the prominent point of the love need is involved both giving and receiving love.
4. The fourth is the esteem need. All of people in the world have desire to stable, firmly based then next to be appreciated by another people. The esteem need is the need to be respected, to be valued, to be appreciated as human by upon of their own real capacity, achievement, and for the esteem of the other. The love need is divided into two subsidiary sets, first is the desire for strength, achievement, adequacy, for confidence in the face of the world, and for independence and freedom. Secondly, is the desire for reputation or prestige defining it as the respect from the other people. Satisfaction of self esteem need leads to the self-confidence, worth, strength, capability, and adequacy of being useful in the world.
5. The need for self actualization. It is the highest step of human basic need as the sign of human existence. The need of actualization lead to the way of human actualizes their self. As the proverb says that what a man can be he must be, as the teacher can be? She must teach. The conclusion is that the need of self actualization is the highest process of human to get their truly existence.
Summary
1. There are at least five sets of goals, which we may call basic needs. These are briefly physiological, safely, love, esteem, and self-actualization. In addition, we are motivated by the desire to achieve or maintain the various conditions upon which these basic satisfactions rest and by certain more intellectual desires.
2. These basic goals are related to each, being arranged in a hierarchy of prepotency. This means that the most prepotent goal will monopolize consciousness and will tend of itself to organize the recruitment of the various capacities of the organism. The less prepotent needs are minimized, even forgotten or denied. But when a need is fairly well satisfied, the next prepotent (higher) need emerges, in turn to dominate the conscious life and to serve as the center of organization of behavior, since gratified needs are not active motivators.
Thus man is a perpetually wanting animal. Ordinarily the satisfaction of these wants is not altogether mutually exclusive, but only tends to be. The average member of our society is most often partially satisfied and partially unsatisfied in all of his wants. The hierarchy principle is usually empirically observed in terms of increasing percentages of non-satisfaction as we go up the hierarchy. Reversals of the average order of the hierarchy are sometimes observed. Also it has been observed that an individual may permanently lose the higher wants in the hierarchy under special conditions. There are not only ordinary multiple motivations for usual behavior, but in addition many determinants other than motives.
3. Any thwarting or possibility of thwarting of these basic human goals, or danger to the defenses which protect them, or to the conditions upon which they rest, is considered to be a psychological threat. With a few exceptions, all psychopathology may be partially traced to such threats. A basically thwarted man may actually be defined as a ‘sick’ man, if we wish.
4. It is such basic threats which bring about the general emergency reactions.
5. Certain other basic problems have not been dealt with because of limitations of space. Among these are:
a. The problem of values in any definitive motivation theory
b. The relation between appetites, desires, needs and what is ‘good’ for the organism
c. The etiology of the basic needs and their possible derivation in early childhood
d. Redefinition of motivational concepts, i. e., drive, desire, wish, need, goal
e. Implication of our theory for hedonistic theory
f. The nature of the uncompleted act, of success and failure, and of aspiration-level
g. The role of association, habit and conditioning
h. Relation to the theory of inter-personal relations
i. Implications for psychotherapy
j. Implication for theory of society
k. The theory of selfishness
l. The relation between needs and cultural patterns
m. The relation between this theory and Alport’s theory of functional autonomy
These as well as certain other less important questions must be considered as motivation theory attempts to become definitive.
References
1. ADLER, A. social interest. London: Faber & Faber, 1938.
2. CANNON, W. B. Wisdom of the body. New York: Norton, 1932.
3. FREUD, A. The ego the mechanisms of defense. London: Hogarth, 1737.
4. FREUD, S. New introductory lectures on psychoanalysis. New York: Norton, 1933.
5. FROMM, E. Escape from freedom. New York: Farrar and Rinehart, 1941.
A human motivation is centered to the human being and is not synonymous with behavior theory. The motivations are only one class of determinants of behavior, while behavior is almost always biologically, culturally and situational. The motivation theory is related to the basic needs of human being, in relation to the existence of human being, the fulfillment of basic needs is way to get the truly existence of human being signed by self actualization. Maslow divides the basic needs of human being into five needs, the physiological need, the safety need, the love need, the esteem need, and the need for self actualization.
1. The physiological needs. It is based on physiological drives related to the concept of homeostasis and finding the appetites concerned to the preferential choices among foods. The physiological needs is the most surface need of human being, because it is related to the physiological drive such as hunger, thirsty, sleepy, and another physiological things. Interconnected to the concept of homeostasis and finding the appetites refer to the body automatic effort to maintain the health of the body. The concept of homeostasis such as maintain the normal state of blood stream (It has been described that the normal blood stream is related to water content of blood, salt content, sugar content, protein content, fat content, calcium content, oxygen content, constant hydrogen-ion level (acid-base balance) and the constant temperature of the blood, those are the physical appearance need of human being and it is so base need of human being. When the basic need of physiological has been completed, then human being moves to the next steep of need.
2. The safety need. Sometimes, human being feel to be dominated by the other one, and that makes uncomfortable feeling to the human itself, and they need the safety need. So, the safety need is not only concern to the safe of accident, safe of disaster, or safe of violence but also safe of comfortable feeling and safe to their selves.
If the physiological needs are relatively well gratified, there then emerges a new set of needs, which we may categorize roughly as the safety needs all that has been said of the physiological needs is equally true, although in lesser degree, of these desires.
The organism may equally well be wholly dominated by them. They may serve as the almost exclusive organizer of behavior, recruiting all the capacities of the organism in their services, and we may then fairly describe the whole organism as a safety-seeking mechanism. Again we may say of the receptors, the effectors, of the intellect and the other capacities that they are primarily safety-seeking tools. Again, as in the hungry man, we find that the dominating goal is a strong determinant not only of his current world-outlook and philosophy but also of his philosophy of the future. Practically everything looks less important than safety, (even sometimes the physiological needs which being satisfied, are now underestimated). A man, in this state, if it is extreme enough and chronic enough, we may characterized as living almost for safety one.
3. The third is the love need, if the physiological and safety need has been fulfilled, then human will hunger of love, they hunger of affectionate relation with people in general. In society relationship, there are the cases of maladjustment which influences the fulfillment of the love need of human being. Maladjustment is the inability of human to adapt in society and it is related to the severe psychopathology. Love and affection as usually are expressed in sexuality, are generally looked upon to the ambivalence to the human needs. And the prominent point of the love need is involved both giving and receiving love.
4. The fourth is the esteem need. All of people in the world have desire to stable, firmly based then next to be appreciated by another people. The esteem need is the need to be respected, to be valued, to be appreciated as human by upon of their own real capacity, achievement, and for the esteem of the other. The love need is divided into two subsidiary sets, first is the desire for strength, achievement, adequacy, for confidence in the face of the world, and for independence and freedom. Secondly, is the desire for reputation or prestige defining it as the respect from the other people. Satisfaction of self esteem need leads to the self-confidence, worth, strength, capability, and adequacy of being useful in the world.
5. The need for self actualization. It is the highest step of human basic need as the sign of human existence. The need of actualization lead to the way of human actualizes their self. As the proverb says that what a man can be he must be, as the teacher can be? She must teach. The conclusion is that the need of self actualization is the highest process of human to get their truly existence.
Summary
1. There are at least five sets of goals, which we may call basic needs. These are briefly physiological, safely, love, esteem, and self-actualization. In addition, we are motivated by the desire to achieve or maintain the various conditions upon which these basic satisfactions rest and by certain more intellectual desires.
2. These basic goals are related to each, being arranged in a hierarchy of prepotency. This means that the most prepotent goal will monopolize consciousness and will tend of itself to organize the recruitment of the various capacities of the organism. The less prepotent needs are minimized, even forgotten or denied. But when a need is fairly well satisfied, the next prepotent (higher) need emerges, in turn to dominate the conscious life and to serve as the center of organization of behavior, since gratified needs are not active motivators.
Thus man is a perpetually wanting animal. Ordinarily the satisfaction of these wants is not altogether mutually exclusive, but only tends to be. The average member of our society is most often partially satisfied and partially unsatisfied in all of his wants. The hierarchy principle is usually empirically observed in terms of increasing percentages of non-satisfaction as we go up the hierarchy. Reversals of the average order of the hierarchy are sometimes observed. Also it has been observed that an individual may permanently lose the higher wants in the hierarchy under special conditions. There are not only ordinary multiple motivations for usual behavior, but in addition many determinants other than motives.
3. Any thwarting or possibility of thwarting of these basic human goals, or danger to the defenses which protect them, or to the conditions upon which they rest, is considered to be a psychological threat. With a few exceptions, all psychopathology may be partially traced to such threats. A basically thwarted man may actually be defined as a ‘sick’ man, if we wish.
4. It is such basic threats which bring about the general emergency reactions.
5. Certain other basic problems have not been dealt with because of limitations of space. Among these are:
a. The problem of values in any definitive motivation theory
b. The relation between appetites, desires, needs and what is ‘good’ for the organism
c. The etiology of the basic needs and their possible derivation in early childhood
d. Redefinition of motivational concepts, i. e., drive, desire, wish, need, goal
e. Implication of our theory for hedonistic theory
f. The nature of the uncompleted act, of success and failure, and of aspiration-level
g. The role of association, habit and conditioning
h. Relation to the theory of inter-personal relations
i. Implications for psychotherapy
j. Implication for theory of society
k. The theory of selfishness
l. The relation between needs and cultural patterns
m. The relation between this theory and Alport’s theory of functional autonomy
These as well as certain other less important questions must be considered as motivation theory attempts to become definitive.
References
1. ADLER, A. social interest. London: Faber & Faber, 1938.
2. CANNON, W. B. Wisdom of the body. New York: Norton, 1932.
3. FREUD, A. The ego the mechanisms of defense. London: Hogarth, 1737.
4. FREUD, S. New introductory lectures on psychoanalysis. New York: Norton, 1933.
5. FROMM, E. Escape from freedom. New York: Farrar and Rinehart, 1941.
A Semiotic Study of Christmas meaning on the Textual sign reflected by Ebenezer Scrooge in Charles Dickens’s Christmas Carol A Paper Presented to c
A Semiotic Study of Christmas meaning on the Textual sign reflected by Ebenezer Scrooge in Charles Dickens’s Christmas Carol
Abstract :
Literary work is the most beautiful wealth of human being. It comes from human essences as reflection of their life; it becomes the reason why literary works is called as the mirror of social fact. Lois Tyson in her book entitled Critical Theory Today: A user friendly guide states that literature “is one of human productions are outgrowths of human experience and therefore reflect human desire, conflict, and potential, then we can learn to interpret those productions in order to learn something important about ourselves as a species” (1950:2). Charles Dicken made Cristmas Carol Novel in 1840 is one of the most known stories in English literature. With its several literary, theater, small screen, big screen, radio, and cinematic adaptations, the tale has become a Christmas holiday story, and the character Ebenezer Scrooge has become a cultural icon about man who teaches a lot to understand the meaning of Christmas. Ebenezer Scrooge is the old man who hates Christmas as whole as his life because Christmas is identified as a day to have fun which that day will spent a lot of money beside his past time which annoying him. The symbolical meaning of Christmas as charity day reflected in Charles Dickens’s Christmas Carol is represented by the three spirit who come to Ebenezer Scrooge (the main character) to let him know the meaning of Christmas and to make him understand the meaning of humanity. A Semiotic Study of Christmas meaning on the Textual sign reflected by Ebenezer Scrooge in Charles Dickens’s Christmas Carol is considered as the proper title of this paper represents the topic of discussion of symbolical meaning of Christmas.
Key Words : Christmas, Textual sign, Meaning
Introduction :
Semiotics is the study of signs and symbols. It is the reliable method to examine the signs. The signs are divided into verbal and non-verbal sign, verbal sign is recognized as textual sign while non verbal sign is recognized as visual sign such as pictures, poster, icon, etc. Based on the theory of Charles Sanders Pierce the semiotics expert, that life is represented by signs, the most proper thing in life is sign. A language (written, verbal, and body language) is considered as the most prominent thing in the world, as Jacques Derrida quotes that “there is nothing outside language”. Language in this term is understood as a text or sign. Accordance to Zoest (1992), semiotics is the study of sign and all of related things to it, how it works, it relation to the other aspects, and encode-decode process of the sign to the encoder and decoder.
In 1843, a magazine makes pictures which critics the government policy in story form which next is mentioned as caricature picture which tells the critical idea satirically, as it is reflected in Charles Dickens’ novel Christmas Carol which signs Christmas with some symbols. The main character of the novel named Ebenezer Scrooge is known as a cold, unfriendly miser, tight-fisted, and hates Christmas day. He hates Christmas because he never get beautiful Christmas as long as his life and in accordance to his understanding that Christmas is signed the charity day, the day where people care for each other. The meaning of Christmas is illustrated by the cultural symbol of Christmas spirit who comes to Ebenezer Scrooge to let him know the meaning of Christmas. Actually, the works of Dickens itself can be understood as a sign which represent its age by the words united in novel story. Dickens tries to signs his age by capture all of the aspect and the social-economy condition of his age which is finally symbolized by the main character, Ebenezer Scrooge who satirically represent the rich people in his age. This paper entitled A Semiotic Study of Christmas meaning on the main character’s life of Charles Dickens’s Christmas Carol discuss about symbolical meaning of Christmas reflected in the main character’s life, Ebenezer Scrooge which use indexical semiotic as the most proper one to analyze the story.
Theory of Semiotic:
Semiotics is study of sign; this term is taken from Greek semeion which means “sign”. Winfried Noth (1992:8) reveals the history of semiotic term. Etymologically, semiotic is connected to the Greek = sign and = signal. “Sign” is existed in everywhere and every time, as it is mentioned before that sign is the prominent thing in the world to communicate, language is the most important one of sign which is used by the creature in this world. Words, color of flag, traffic light, and gesture are the part of common sense symbol that is approved by the people the entire world to identify certain meaning. For citation of conventional gesture which is approved as the common sense of people that “smile” is identified when the corners of the lips go up, and “laugh” is identified when the lips open widely until the teeth are seen followed with cheerful sounds then next is identified as “happy feeling”, and eyes which drop tears is identified as crying and crying is identified as “sad feeling”.
The modern theory of semiotic comes from the concept of all of semiotics expert; Charles Sanders Peirce (1839-1914) and Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913) are considered as the father of modern semiotic, these two personage’s concept that next become the most reliable method to use to analyze the semiotic study of certain case. Their concepts of semiotic become the center point for all of the semiotic study of any cases.
Accordance to Peirce the word semiotic is the word that has been used since 18th century by Lambert (German Philosopher) is the synonymous of the logic word. Logic has to be learnt rationally, reasoning is done through the understanding of sign. Sign makes people to think, make a relation with other people, and give a meaning to the appearance things applied by the universe. Semiotic to the Pierce is an action, influence, and the work ship of three subject; Sign, Object, and Interpretant.
On the other hand, Saussure develops language as a system of sign. He also uses word of Semiology which has similar meaning with semiotic to the Pierce school. Semiology become the main rival to the semiotic, the both words then is used to show two semiotic tradition. The word of semiology is finally agreed as the synonymous of the semiotic.
Based on Budi Sukada (1992:8), the definition of semiotic depends on who is referenced to, Pierce or Saussure. If it references to Pierce, semiotic is the study of patterned human behavior in communication in all its modes, accordance to Pierce, sign is a something that represent something, it can be an experience, thought, ideas, or feeling. If X is meant as black deep smoke then it represents Y there is something fire. While to the reference of Saussure, semiotic is a science that studies the life of sign within society. Based on Saussure, signs have two entities that are signifier (which refers to symbol to sign) and signified (which refers to symbol to be signed).
The semiotic approach used by Saussure and Pierce has difference too. Saussure names his approach as “duodic” divided into signifier (which refers to symbol to sign) and signified (which refers to symbol to be signed).
Signifier Signified Sign
refers to symbol to sign
refers to symbol to be signed Refers to the symbol used to sign
Man Macho Cigarette
Man as signifier is signified as macho man if he is smoke. So, the explanation above explain that if a man want to be considered as macho man, so he must smoke. The important thing of understanding the sign is the convention of the environment, because sign has to be agreed by the people who use it for finally has meaning and can be used.
While Pierce uses “triadic” as triple connection of sign, thing signified and cognition produced in the mind.
There is relation between signifier and signified as so as to the actual function which means that sign has to be agreed by the user in conventionally that makes the sign has meaning and can be understood as communication.
Semiotic is divided into three signs written below:
Sign Note
Iconic Signifier which represents signified directly. e.g. the icon of woman picture which is illustrated in bathroom means that it ladies bathroom .
Indexical Signifier which represents signified in causality. E.g. when somebody laugh loudly means there is something funny to be laughed.
Symbol Signifier which represent signified indirectly and it has relation to the mythology or cultural symbol. E.g. the picture of skull () means danger. Symbol is also the conventional product of the society.
Semiotic study is divided into communication semiotic and signification semiotic. Communication semiotic assumes of six factors in communication that are sending, receiving, code, message, communication passage, and things to converse (Jacobson 1963:209-248). In the signification semiotic gives stress on the sign theory and its understanding in a certain context. Jacobson says that communication occurs if there is contact between addresser and addressee which form in code so the addresser must be encoding to the meaning until become code and code will be received by the addressee by decoding it.
The Discussion: A Semiotic Study of Christmas meaning on the Textual sign reflected by Ebenezer Scrooge in Charles Dickens’s Christmas Carol
Ebenezer Scrooge is the old businessman who is tight-fisted and hates Christmas, especially Christmas Carol. The semiotic study in this story uses symbol to represent the real meaning indirectly. The book is divided into five sections (Dickens labels them Staves in reference to the musical notation Christmas carol , after all, is a song), with each of the middle three Staves revolving around a visitation by one of the three famous spirits. The three spirit-guides, along with each of their tales, carry out a thematic function--the Ghost of Christmas Past, with his glowing head, represents memory; the Ghost of Christmas Present represents charity empathy and the Christmas spirit; and the reaper like Ghost of Christmas Yet to come represents the fear of death. Here below will be explained the semiotic study per chapters.
Stave One: The Beginning
There is an action where Scrooge refuses the Christmas cheer of Fred his jovial Fred nephew, after Fred depart from his house, there is a man asks some money to charity and once again Scrooge deny it, and then Bob his clerk men ask for one day off in Christmas day, he said, "that it should shut down business?", the statement is symbolized that Scrooge doesn’t want to lose his benefit even in the Christmas time. As it is explained below schematically:
Signifier Signified Sign
Ebenezer Scrooge Tight-fisted businessmen who hates Christmas The statement; "that it should shut down business?"
"Darkness is cheap, and Scrooge liked it."
From the schema above is explained that It is the indexical meaning (Signifier which represents signified causality), one of the several reason why Ebenezer Scrooge hates Christmas because he thinks that Christmas is waste a lot of money.
In this case, Scrooge represents greed, apathy, and all that stands in opposition to the Christmas spirit. Bob personifies those who suffer under the "Scrooges" of the world--the English poor. Fred serves to remind readers of the joy and good cheer of the Christmas holiday.
Stave Two: the coming of the first spirit
Before we move to the topic discussion in the stave two, let me show you the quotation of the chapter that may support this discussion;
{The spirit uses a cap to cover the light that glows from its head. The specter softly informs Scrooge that he is the Ghost of Christmas Past and orders the mesmerized man to rise and walk with him. The spirit touches Scrooge's heart, granting him the ability to fly. The pair exits through the window. The ghost transports Scrooge to the countryside where he was raised. He sees his old school, his childhood mates, and familiar landmarks of his youth. Touched by these memories, Scrooge begins to sob. The ghost takes the weeping man into the school where a solitary boy--a young Ebenezer Scrooge--passes the Christmas holiday all alone.}
Signifier Signified Sign
Ebenezer Scrooge Living lonesome in a Christmas night
The statement of : young Ebenezer Scrooge--passes the Christmas holiday all alone
The textual semiotic study of the spirit coming:
Signifier Signified Sign
The ghost of Christmas Present Memory
The statement of : The spirit uses a cap to cover the light that glows from its head. The specter softly informs Scrooge that he is the Ghost of Christmas Past and orders the mesmerized man to rise and walk with him
The last statement which is written boldly refers to the next reason why Ebenezer Scrooge hates Christmas, because he never celebrates the Christmas holiday.
It is used indexical semiotic (Signifier which represents signified causality), it shows the reason of Ebenezer Scrooge hates Christmas because he never celebrate Christmas as long his young age, he always alone in Christmas even in his days, but Christmas is the one which symbolized that loneliness so bright. The Ghost of Christmas Past represents memory. The aged appearance of the childlike figure touches on the role of memory as a force that connects the different stages of a person's life. His glowing head suggests the illuminating power of the mind. The ghost initiates Scrooge's conversion from anti-Christmas Grinch to a poster boy for the holiday season.
Stave Three: The coming of the second spirit
The analysis should begin by reading this passage:
{The spirit then takes Scrooge to the meager home of Bob Cratchit, where Mrs. Cratchit and her children prepare a Christmas goose and savor the few Christmas treats they can afford. The oldest daughter, Martha, returns from her job at a milliner's. The oldest son, Peter, wears a stiff-collared shirt, a hand-me-down from his father. Bob comes in carrying the crippled young tyke, Tiny Tim, on his shoulders. The family is more than content despite its skimpy Christmas feast. Scrooge begs to know whether Tiny Tim will survive. The spirit replies that given the current conditions in the Cratchit house, there will inevitably be an empty chair at next year's Christmas dinner (1).
The spirit takes Scrooge to a number of other Christmas gatherings, including the festivities of an isolated community of miners and a party aboard a ship. He also takes Scrooge to Fred's Christmas party, where Scrooge looses himself in the numerous party games and has a wildly entertaining time, though none of the party guests can actually see him. As the night unfolds, the ghost grows older. At last, Scrooge and the ghost come to a vast and desolate expanse here, the ghost shows Scrooge a pair of starving children who travel with him beneath his robes--their names are Ignorance and Want. Scrooge inquires if nothing can be done to help them. Mockingly, the ghost quotes Scrooge's earlier retort, "Are there no prisons? Are there no workhouses?”(2)}
The stave two tells about the ghost who wants to show Ebenezer Scrooge about the people in his around milieu and ask her to more concern of their life, as it is cited in the (1) bold statement that Ebenezer Scrooge sympathies to Bob’s little boy that sick because his bad behave,
Signifier Signified Sign
Ebenezer Scrooge Sympathy Feeling The statement: Scrooge begs to know whether Tiny Tim will survive.
The textual semiotic study of the spirit coming:
Signifier Signified Sign
The Ghost of Christmas present Christmas ideal --generosity, goodwill, and celebration. Appearing on a throne made of food, the spirit evokes thoughts of prosperity, satiety, and merriment.
The Ghost of Christmas Present serves as the central symbol of the Christmas ideal--generosity, goodwill, and celebration. Appearing on a throne made of food, the spirit evokes thoughts of prosperity, satiety, and merriment. Similarly, the moral outlook of A Christmas Carol has little to do with the solemnity of a religious occasion. Christmas, in Dickens' mind, should not bring about self-denial, renunciation, or emotional withdrawal. Christmas is a time of sharing one's riches--emotional, spiritual, monetary, etc.--with the community of man. A feast is a wonderful thing but only if one has loved ones with whom to share it. In this sense, the Ghost of Christmas Present also represents empathy enabling Scrooge to not only see the Cratchits but to feel the sorrow and hardships of their daily toil (hard work).
Stave Four: The coming of the third ghost
Here is below the summary about the stave four:
{The ghost takes Scrooge to a series of strange places: the London Stock Exchange, where a group of businessmen discuss the death of a rich man; a dingy pawn shop in a London slum, where a group of vagabonds and shady characters sell some personal effects stolen from a dead man; the dinner table of a poor family, where a husband and wife express relief at the death of an unforgiving man to whom they owed money; and the Cratchit household, where the family struggles to cope with the death of Tiny Tim. Scrooge begs to know the identity of the dead man, exasperated in his attempts to understand the lesson of the silent ghost. Suddenly, he finds himself in a churchyard where the spirit points him toward a freshly grave. Scrooge approaches the grave and reads the inscription on the headstone: EBENEZER SCROOGE.
Appalled, Scrooge clutches at the spirit and begs him to undo his nightmarish vision. He promises to honor Christmas from deep within his heart and to live by the moralizing lessons of Past, Present, and Future.)
This chapter tells about Ebenezer Scrooge has a vision of his future that come to the death, and then he promises to honors Christmas.
Signifier Signified Sign
Ebenezer Scrooge The death fear and finally honor the Christmas Appalled, Scrooge clutches at the spirit and begs him to undo his nightmarish vision. He promises to honor Christmas from deep within his heart and to live by the moralizing lessons of Past, Present, and Future.
The textual semiotic study of the spirit coming:
Signifier Signified Sign
The Ghost of Christmas future The Fear of the death Suddenly, he finds himself in a churchyard where the spirit points him toward a freshly grave. Scrooge approaches the grave and reads the inscription on the headstone: EBENEZER SCROOGE.
Appalled, Scrooge clutches at the spirit and begs him to undo his nightmarish vision.
The future Ghost of Christmas Yet to come represents the fear of death, which refracts Scrooge's lessons about memory, empathy and generosity, insuring his reversion to an open, loving human being. In A Christmas Carol, the fear of death connotes the anticipation of moral reckoning and the inevitable dispensation of punishment and reward--literally the split between heaven and hell.
Stave Five: The end of it
The summary of the stave one:
{Scrooge begins shouting "Merry Christmas!" at the top of his lungs genuinely overjoyed and bubbling with excitement, Scrooge barely takes time to dress and dances while he shaves. In a blur, Scrooge runs into the street and offers to pay the first boy he meets a huge sum to deliver a great Christmas turkey to Bob Cratchit's. He meets one of the portly gentlemen who earlier sought charity for the poor and apologizes for his previous rudeness, promising to donate huge sums of money to the poor. He attends Fred's Christmas party and radiates such heartfelt bliss that the other guests can hardly manage to swallow their shock at his surprising behavior.
The following morning, Scrooge arrives at the office early and assumes a very stern expression when Bob enters eighteen and a half minutes late. Scrooge, feigning disgust, begins to scold Bob, before suddenly announcing his plans to give Cratchit a large raise and assist his troubled family. Bob is stunned, but Scrooge promises to stay true to his word.
As time passes, Scrooge is as good as his word: He helps the Cratchits and becomes a second father to Tiny Tim who does not die as predicted in the ghost's ominous vision. Many people in London are puzzled by Scrooge's behavior, but Scrooge merely laughs off their suspicions and doubts. Scrooge brings a little of the Christmas spirit into every day, respecting the lessons of Christmas more than any man alive. The narrator concludes the story by saying that Scrooge's words and thoughts should be shared by of all of us ... "and so, as Tiny Tim observed, God bless us, every one!}
Ebenezer Scrooge finally enjoys the Christmas meaning of his life; it is reflected in stave five,
Signifier Signified Sign
Ebenezer Scrooge Enjoy and honor Cristmas Scrooge begins shouting "Merry Christmas!"
He meets one of the portly gentlemen who earlier sought charity for the poor and apologizes for his previous rudeness, promising to donate huge sums of money to the poor.
This short closing Stave provides an optimistic and upbeat conclusion to the story, showing the new Ebenezer Scrooge starting off his new life with happiness and Christmas cheer.
Conclusion
There are several textual signs which sign the understanding of Ebenezer Scrooge on the Christmas meaning and the sign is indexical sign which refers to the causality connection between signifier and signified. The coming of the three spirit of Christmas also helps the process for Ebenezer Scrooge to understand the meaning of Christmas. In relation to the indexical signs mentioned before, here is below the summary of:
SIGNIFIER : Ebenezer Scrooge
SIGNIFIED :
• Hates Christmas because he thinks Christmas wastes money and he has bad experience in the past that he passed his previous Christmas alone.
• Honor Christmas because he gets a vision of his dead future body and he is afraid of dead and arguing of his belong to heaven or hell.
• Enjoy Christmas because he finally realize that Christmas meaning is not about the charity or the care of each other but also the redemption moment of his previous mistake.
A Christmas Carol is the novella that describes the indexical meaning of Christmas meaning reflected to the main character, Ebenezer Scrooge and his metamorphosis in understanding the Christmas meaning starts since he hates the Christmas until finally he enjoys the Christmas.
References:
Halliday, M.A.K.; Hasan Ruqaiya. Bahasa, konteks, dan Teks: Aspek-aspek bahasa dalam pandangan semiotic social.1994.. Jogjakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press
Sobur, Alex. Semiotika Komunikasi. 2003. Bandung: P.T Remaja Rosdakarya.
Abstract :
Literary work is the most beautiful wealth of human being. It comes from human essences as reflection of their life; it becomes the reason why literary works is called as the mirror of social fact. Lois Tyson in her book entitled Critical Theory Today: A user friendly guide states that literature “is one of human productions are outgrowths of human experience and therefore reflect human desire, conflict, and potential, then we can learn to interpret those productions in order to learn something important about ourselves as a species” (1950:2). Charles Dicken made Cristmas Carol Novel in 1840 is one of the most known stories in English literature. With its several literary, theater, small screen, big screen, radio, and cinematic adaptations, the tale has become a Christmas holiday story, and the character Ebenezer Scrooge has become a cultural icon about man who teaches a lot to understand the meaning of Christmas. Ebenezer Scrooge is the old man who hates Christmas as whole as his life because Christmas is identified as a day to have fun which that day will spent a lot of money beside his past time which annoying him. The symbolical meaning of Christmas as charity day reflected in Charles Dickens’s Christmas Carol is represented by the three spirit who come to Ebenezer Scrooge (the main character) to let him know the meaning of Christmas and to make him understand the meaning of humanity. A Semiotic Study of Christmas meaning on the Textual sign reflected by Ebenezer Scrooge in Charles Dickens’s Christmas Carol is considered as the proper title of this paper represents the topic of discussion of symbolical meaning of Christmas.
Key Words : Christmas, Textual sign, Meaning
Introduction :
Semiotics is the study of signs and symbols. It is the reliable method to examine the signs. The signs are divided into verbal and non-verbal sign, verbal sign is recognized as textual sign while non verbal sign is recognized as visual sign such as pictures, poster, icon, etc. Based on the theory of Charles Sanders Pierce the semiotics expert, that life is represented by signs, the most proper thing in life is sign. A language (written, verbal, and body language) is considered as the most prominent thing in the world, as Jacques Derrida quotes that “there is nothing outside language”. Language in this term is understood as a text or sign. Accordance to Zoest (1992), semiotics is the study of sign and all of related things to it, how it works, it relation to the other aspects, and encode-decode process of the sign to the encoder and decoder.
In 1843, a magazine makes pictures which critics the government policy in story form which next is mentioned as caricature picture which tells the critical idea satirically, as it is reflected in Charles Dickens’ novel Christmas Carol which signs Christmas with some symbols. The main character of the novel named Ebenezer Scrooge is known as a cold, unfriendly miser, tight-fisted, and hates Christmas day. He hates Christmas because he never get beautiful Christmas as long as his life and in accordance to his understanding that Christmas is signed the charity day, the day where people care for each other. The meaning of Christmas is illustrated by the cultural symbol of Christmas spirit who comes to Ebenezer Scrooge to let him know the meaning of Christmas. Actually, the works of Dickens itself can be understood as a sign which represent its age by the words united in novel story. Dickens tries to signs his age by capture all of the aspect and the social-economy condition of his age which is finally symbolized by the main character, Ebenezer Scrooge who satirically represent the rich people in his age. This paper entitled A Semiotic Study of Christmas meaning on the main character’s life of Charles Dickens’s Christmas Carol discuss about symbolical meaning of Christmas reflected in the main character’s life, Ebenezer Scrooge which use indexical semiotic as the most proper one to analyze the story.
Theory of Semiotic:
Semiotics is study of sign; this term is taken from Greek semeion which means “sign”. Winfried Noth (1992:8) reveals the history of semiotic term. Etymologically, semiotic is connected to the Greek = sign and = signal. “Sign” is existed in everywhere and every time, as it is mentioned before that sign is the prominent thing in the world to communicate, language is the most important one of sign which is used by the creature in this world. Words, color of flag, traffic light, and gesture are the part of common sense symbol that is approved by the people the entire world to identify certain meaning. For citation of conventional gesture which is approved as the common sense of people that “smile” is identified when the corners of the lips go up, and “laugh” is identified when the lips open widely until the teeth are seen followed with cheerful sounds then next is identified as “happy feeling”, and eyes which drop tears is identified as crying and crying is identified as “sad feeling”.
The modern theory of semiotic comes from the concept of all of semiotics expert; Charles Sanders Peirce (1839-1914) and Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913) are considered as the father of modern semiotic, these two personage’s concept that next become the most reliable method to use to analyze the semiotic study of certain case. Their concepts of semiotic become the center point for all of the semiotic study of any cases.
Accordance to Peirce the word semiotic is the word that has been used since 18th century by Lambert (German Philosopher) is the synonymous of the logic word. Logic has to be learnt rationally, reasoning is done through the understanding of sign. Sign makes people to think, make a relation with other people, and give a meaning to the appearance things applied by the universe. Semiotic to the Pierce is an action, influence, and the work ship of three subject; Sign, Object, and Interpretant.
On the other hand, Saussure develops language as a system of sign. He also uses word of Semiology which has similar meaning with semiotic to the Pierce school. Semiology become the main rival to the semiotic, the both words then is used to show two semiotic tradition. The word of semiology is finally agreed as the synonymous of the semiotic.
Based on Budi Sukada (1992:8), the definition of semiotic depends on who is referenced to, Pierce or Saussure. If it references to Pierce, semiotic is the study of patterned human behavior in communication in all its modes, accordance to Pierce, sign is a something that represent something, it can be an experience, thought, ideas, or feeling. If X is meant as black deep smoke then it represents Y there is something fire. While to the reference of Saussure, semiotic is a science that studies the life of sign within society. Based on Saussure, signs have two entities that are signifier (which refers to symbol to sign) and signified (which refers to symbol to be signed).
The semiotic approach used by Saussure and Pierce has difference too. Saussure names his approach as “duodic” divided into signifier (which refers to symbol to sign) and signified (which refers to symbol to be signed).
Signifier Signified Sign
refers to symbol to sign
refers to symbol to be signed Refers to the symbol used to sign
Man Macho Cigarette
Man as signifier is signified as macho man if he is smoke. So, the explanation above explain that if a man want to be considered as macho man, so he must smoke. The important thing of understanding the sign is the convention of the environment, because sign has to be agreed by the people who use it for finally has meaning and can be used.
While Pierce uses “triadic” as triple connection of sign, thing signified and cognition produced in the mind.
There is relation between signifier and signified as so as to the actual function which means that sign has to be agreed by the user in conventionally that makes the sign has meaning and can be understood as communication.
Semiotic is divided into three signs written below:
Sign Note
Iconic Signifier which represents signified directly. e.g. the icon of woman picture which is illustrated in bathroom means that it ladies bathroom .
Indexical Signifier which represents signified in causality. E.g. when somebody laugh loudly means there is something funny to be laughed.
Symbol Signifier which represent signified indirectly and it has relation to the mythology or cultural symbol. E.g. the picture of skull () means danger. Symbol is also the conventional product of the society.
Semiotic study is divided into communication semiotic and signification semiotic. Communication semiotic assumes of six factors in communication that are sending, receiving, code, message, communication passage, and things to converse (Jacobson 1963:209-248). In the signification semiotic gives stress on the sign theory and its understanding in a certain context. Jacobson says that communication occurs if there is contact between addresser and addressee which form in code so the addresser must be encoding to the meaning until become code and code will be received by the addressee by decoding it.
The Discussion: A Semiotic Study of Christmas meaning on the Textual sign reflected by Ebenezer Scrooge in Charles Dickens’s Christmas Carol
Ebenezer Scrooge is the old businessman who is tight-fisted and hates Christmas, especially Christmas Carol. The semiotic study in this story uses symbol to represent the real meaning indirectly. The book is divided into five sections (Dickens labels them Staves in reference to the musical notation Christmas carol , after all, is a song), with each of the middle three Staves revolving around a visitation by one of the three famous spirits. The three spirit-guides, along with each of their tales, carry out a thematic function--the Ghost of Christmas Past, with his glowing head, represents memory; the Ghost of Christmas Present represents charity empathy and the Christmas spirit; and the reaper like Ghost of Christmas Yet to come represents the fear of death. Here below will be explained the semiotic study per chapters.
Stave One: The Beginning
There is an action where Scrooge refuses the Christmas cheer of Fred his jovial Fred nephew, after Fred depart from his house, there is a man asks some money to charity and once again Scrooge deny it, and then Bob his clerk men ask for one day off in Christmas day, he said, "that it should shut down business?", the statement is symbolized that Scrooge doesn’t want to lose his benefit even in the Christmas time. As it is explained below schematically:
Signifier Signified Sign
Ebenezer Scrooge Tight-fisted businessmen who hates Christmas The statement; "that it should shut down business?"
"Darkness is cheap, and Scrooge liked it."
From the schema above is explained that It is the indexical meaning (Signifier which represents signified causality), one of the several reason why Ebenezer Scrooge hates Christmas because he thinks that Christmas is waste a lot of money.
In this case, Scrooge represents greed, apathy, and all that stands in opposition to the Christmas spirit. Bob personifies those who suffer under the "Scrooges" of the world--the English poor. Fred serves to remind readers of the joy and good cheer of the Christmas holiday.
Stave Two: the coming of the first spirit
Before we move to the topic discussion in the stave two, let me show you the quotation of the chapter that may support this discussion;
{The spirit uses a cap to cover the light that glows from its head. The specter softly informs Scrooge that he is the Ghost of Christmas Past and orders the mesmerized man to rise and walk with him. The spirit touches Scrooge's heart, granting him the ability to fly. The pair exits through the window. The ghost transports Scrooge to the countryside where he was raised. He sees his old school, his childhood mates, and familiar landmarks of his youth. Touched by these memories, Scrooge begins to sob. The ghost takes the weeping man into the school where a solitary boy--a young Ebenezer Scrooge--passes the Christmas holiday all alone.}
Signifier Signified Sign
Ebenezer Scrooge Living lonesome in a Christmas night
The statement of : young Ebenezer Scrooge--passes the Christmas holiday all alone
The textual semiotic study of the spirit coming:
Signifier Signified Sign
The ghost of Christmas Present Memory
The statement of : The spirit uses a cap to cover the light that glows from its head. The specter softly informs Scrooge that he is the Ghost of Christmas Past and orders the mesmerized man to rise and walk with him
The last statement which is written boldly refers to the next reason why Ebenezer Scrooge hates Christmas, because he never celebrates the Christmas holiday.
It is used indexical semiotic (Signifier which represents signified causality), it shows the reason of Ebenezer Scrooge hates Christmas because he never celebrate Christmas as long his young age, he always alone in Christmas even in his days, but Christmas is the one which symbolized that loneliness so bright. The Ghost of Christmas Past represents memory. The aged appearance of the childlike figure touches on the role of memory as a force that connects the different stages of a person's life. His glowing head suggests the illuminating power of the mind. The ghost initiates Scrooge's conversion from anti-Christmas Grinch to a poster boy for the holiday season.
Stave Three: The coming of the second spirit
The analysis should begin by reading this passage:
{The spirit then takes Scrooge to the meager home of Bob Cratchit, where Mrs. Cratchit and her children prepare a Christmas goose and savor the few Christmas treats they can afford. The oldest daughter, Martha, returns from her job at a milliner's. The oldest son, Peter, wears a stiff-collared shirt, a hand-me-down from his father. Bob comes in carrying the crippled young tyke, Tiny Tim, on his shoulders. The family is more than content despite its skimpy Christmas feast. Scrooge begs to know whether Tiny Tim will survive. The spirit replies that given the current conditions in the Cratchit house, there will inevitably be an empty chair at next year's Christmas dinner (1).
The spirit takes Scrooge to a number of other Christmas gatherings, including the festivities of an isolated community of miners and a party aboard a ship. He also takes Scrooge to Fred's Christmas party, where Scrooge looses himself in the numerous party games and has a wildly entertaining time, though none of the party guests can actually see him. As the night unfolds, the ghost grows older. At last, Scrooge and the ghost come to a vast and desolate expanse here, the ghost shows Scrooge a pair of starving children who travel with him beneath his robes--their names are Ignorance and Want. Scrooge inquires if nothing can be done to help them. Mockingly, the ghost quotes Scrooge's earlier retort, "Are there no prisons? Are there no workhouses?”(2)}
The stave two tells about the ghost who wants to show Ebenezer Scrooge about the people in his around milieu and ask her to more concern of their life, as it is cited in the (1) bold statement that Ebenezer Scrooge sympathies to Bob’s little boy that sick because his bad behave,
Signifier Signified Sign
Ebenezer Scrooge Sympathy Feeling The statement: Scrooge begs to know whether Tiny Tim will survive.
The textual semiotic study of the spirit coming:
Signifier Signified Sign
The Ghost of Christmas present Christmas ideal --generosity, goodwill, and celebration. Appearing on a throne made of food, the spirit evokes thoughts of prosperity, satiety, and merriment.
The Ghost of Christmas Present serves as the central symbol of the Christmas ideal--generosity, goodwill, and celebration. Appearing on a throne made of food, the spirit evokes thoughts of prosperity, satiety, and merriment. Similarly, the moral outlook of A Christmas Carol has little to do with the solemnity of a religious occasion. Christmas, in Dickens' mind, should not bring about self-denial, renunciation, or emotional withdrawal. Christmas is a time of sharing one's riches--emotional, spiritual, monetary, etc.--with the community of man. A feast is a wonderful thing but only if one has loved ones with whom to share it. In this sense, the Ghost of Christmas Present also represents empathy enabling Scrooge to not only see the Cratchits but to feel the sorrow and hardships of their daily toil (hard work).
Stave Four: The coming of the third ghost
Here is below the summary about the stave four:
{The ghost takes Scrooge to a series of strange places: the London Stock Exchange, where a group of businessmen discuss the death of a rich man; a dingy pawn shop in a London slum, where a group of vagabonds and shady characters sell some personal effects stolen from a dead man; the dinner table of a poor family, where a husband and wife express relief at the death of an unforgiving man to whom they owed money; and the Cratchit household, where the family struggles to cope with the death of Tiny Tim. Scrooge begs to know the identity of the dead man, exasperated in his attempts to understand the lesson of the silent ghost. Suddenly, he finds himself in a churchyard where the spirit points him toward a freshly grave. Scrooge approaches the grave and reads the inscription on the headstone: EBENEZER SCROOGE.
Appalled, Scrooge clutches at the spirit and begs him to undo his nightmarish vision. He promises to honor Christmas from deep within his heart and to live by the moralizing lessons of Past, Present, and Future.)
This chapter tells about Ebenezer Scrooge has a vision of his future that come to the death, and then he promises to honors Christmas.
Signifier Signified Sign
Ebenezer Scrooge The death fear and finally honor the Christmas Appalled, Scrooge clutches at the spirit and begs him to undo his nightmarish vision. He promises to honor Christmas from deep within his heart and to live by the moralizing lessons of Past, Present, and Future.
The textual semiotic study of the spirit coming:
Signifier Signified Sign
The Ghost of Christmas future The Fear of the death Suddenly, he finds himself in a churchyard where the spirit points him toward a freshly grave. Scrooge approaches the grave and reads the inscription on the headstone: EBENEZER SCROOGE.
Appalled, Scrooge clutches at the spirit and begs him to undo his nightmarish vision.
The future Ghost of Christmas Yet to come represents the fear of death, which refracts Scrooge's lessons about memory, empathy and generosity, insuring his reversion to an open, loving human being. In A Christmas Carol, the fear of death connotes the anticipation of moral reckoning and the inevitable dispensation of punishment and reward--literally the split between heaven and hell.
Stave Five: The end of it
The summary of the stave one:
{Scrooge begins shouting "Merry Christmas!" at the top of his lungs genuinely overjoyed and bubbling with excitement, Scrooge barely takes time to dress and dances while he shaves. In a blur, Scrooge runs into the street and offers to pay the first boy he meets a huge sum to deliver a great Christmas turkey to Bob Cratchit's. He meets one of the portly gentlemen who earlier sought charity for the poor and apologizes for his previous rudeness, promising to donate huge sums of money to the poor. He attends Fred's Christmas party and radiates such heartfelt bliss that the other guests can hardly manage to swallow their shock at his surprising behavior.
The following morning, Scrooge arrives at the office early and assumes a very stern expression when Bob enters eighteen and a half minutes late. Scrooge, feigning disgust, begins to scold Bob, before suddenly announcing his plans to give Cratchit a large raise and assist his troubled family. Bob is stunned, but Scrooge promises to stay true to his word.
As time passes, Scrooge is as good as his word: He helps the Cratchits and becomes a second father to Tiny Tim who does not die as predicted in the ghost's ominous vision. Many people in London are puzzled by Scrooge's behavior, but Scrooge merely laughs off their suspicions and doubts. Scrooge brings a little of the Christmas spirit into every day, respecting the lessons of Christmas more than any man alive. The narrator concludes the story by saying that Scrooge's words and thoughts should be shared by of all of us ... "and so, as Tiny Tim observed, God bless us, every one!}
Ebenezer Scrooge finally enjoys the Christmas meaning of his life; it is reflected in stave five,
Signifier Signified Sign
Ebenezer Scrooge Enjoy and honor Cristmas Scrooge begins shouting "Merry Christmas!"
He meets one of the portly gentlemen who earlier sought charity for the poor and apologizes for his previous rudeness, promising to donate huge sums of money to the poor.
This short closing Stave provides an optimistic and upbeat conclusion to the story, showing the new Ebenezer Scrooge starting off his new life with happiness and Christmas cheer.
Conclusion
There are several textual signs which sign the understanding of Ebenezer Scrooge on the Christmas meaning and the sign is indexical sign which refers to the causality connection between signifier and signified. The coming of the three spirit of Christmas also helps the process for Ebenezer Scrooge to understand the meaning of Christmas. In relation to the indexical signs mentioned before, here is below the summary of:
SIGNIFIER : Ebenezer Scrooge
SIGNIFIED :
• Hates Christmas because he thinks Christmas wastes money and he has bad experience in the past that he passed his previous Christmas alone.
• Honor Christmas because he gets a vision of his dead future body and he is afraid of dead and arguing of his belong to heaven or hell.
• Enjoy Christmas because he finally realize that Christmas meaning is not about the charity or the care of each other but also the redemption moment of his previous mistake.
A Christmas Carol is the novella that describes the indexical meaning of Christmas meaning reflected to the main character, Ebenezer Scrooge and his metamorphosis in understanding the Christmas meaning starts since he hates the Christmas until finally he enjoys the Christmas.
References:
Halliday, M.A.K.; Hasan Ruqaiya. Bahasa, konteks, dan Teks: Aspek-aspek bahasa dalam pandangan semiotic social.1994.. Jogjakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press
Sobur, Alex. Semiotika Komunikasi. 2003. Bandung: P.T Remaja Rosdakarya.
The Comparison of Work Ethic between Madura’s and Chinese Presented to fulfill Cross Cultural Understanding Assignment
I. The meaning of Work Ethic
Ethic comes from Greek (Ethos) which means habit, behavior, personality, character, and faith in something. Ethic means a certain and based attitude which draw the relation pattern between human with their selves and their society. Work Ethic is ascribed to one’s personal moral tendencies to work. It is the reflection from the life‘s attitude, it is also the reflection of life’s vision which is oriented to the transcendent values. It involves the attitude, behavior, respect, passion, commitment, communication, and interaction how one person gets along with others, such as honesty, doing a job well, valuing what one does, having a sense of purpose and feeling or being a part of a greater vision, integrity, and humility. Work Ethics are intrinsic, they come from within, and everyone has their own pattern of work ethics. In fact, work ethic is experiencing of construction and reconstruction by society. It means that the internal factor of human’s work ethic is also influenced by the external factor of human life (social milieu).
The function and the purpose of Work Ethic is the certain impeller of action and individual’s activities, it also has some functions to;
• To impel an action
• To passionate an activity
• To move up the work’s action (it depends on the amounts of motivation)
II. Work Ethic of Madura’s
Almost all of Madura’s people are the trader, and some Madura’s people leave their hometown to risk their life in other area, based on resident census in 2000 that 52 % of Madura’s people leave their island to find job in other towns. Related to their vision of life that so close to the Islamic doctrine, Madura people apply their religion doctrine to their individual and social life, and also in the understanding of Work Ethic. Because of that, the Islamic identity is the prominent thing for most of Madura’s people. Appropriate to the Islamic doctrine that they embrace, they run their life to reach the happiness of world and hereafter. The activity of aekhteyar (to make effort) become the most important thing by Madura’s people, because this approach will give bigger opportunity to get succeed. In accordance to the explanation above, we can see that the work ethic of Madura people is interconnected to the Islamic doctrine.
The work ethic of Madura’s People is known so high, because they think that work is a part of their religious service. Here below are the characteristics of Madura’s people related to their work ethic:
1 Madura’s work ethic is indicated very high, because impulsively, they assume that work is part from their religion service according to Islam.
2 Madura’s people become more energetic when they feel free from their social environment.
3 A few of Madura’s Vocabulary which have typical meaning to work ethic are :
a. Bharenteng (very energetic),
b. Bhajeng (diligent),
c. Cakang (handy),
d. Parekas (full of initiative), tangginas (active),
e. Abhanteng tolang (work hard)
f. Abhabha’ (work by conscripting all of abilities)
g. Aceko (work energetically with their busy hands)
h. Acemeng (work diligently till cannot be calm)
i. Apokpak (do the two or more jobs at the same time)
j. Asepsap (work by wandering around)
4 Madura’s people believe that they have to work efficiently and effectively
5 Madura’s people are known as the most diligent and energetic mankind
6 Madura’s people convince that they are not allowed to waste their time in their valuable short life; they appreciate their time as good as possible.
III. Work Ethic of Chinese
In Indonesia for specifically, the most traders beside Madura’s people are the Chinese. They come in Indonesia in about 16th till 19th century. As the same with Madura people, Chinese who leave their hometown to go abroad have the ability to trade, they have some supporting characteristics which support their condition, and they are independent, thrift, hard worker, eager spirit to make effort, and they build strong ethnic connection. In their vision of life, they believe to the faith and stability, but at the same time they consider that faith can be change by doing thrift, good effort and work hard. Sometimes, Chinese live exclusively in their group; this attitude is not because they are solitary, but as the minority in foreign country, they feel more comfortable if they live together with their same ethnic.
Here are some characteristics of Chinese leading to their work ethic:
Based on the book written by Johanes Arifin Wijaya entitled Karakter Naga, he wrote that there are some characteristics internalizing to Chinese leading them to those wonderful succeed in trading world, that characters are came from the belief of their forefathers, to always learn the characteristics of dragon.
Dragon to the Chinese is a symbol of productivity and renewing, so it brings positive influences to all of creatures in the world.
They also believe that work is divided into three dispositions; there are hard work, smart work, and heart work. They believe that work harder is not the only way to get succeed, because human have limited resources, for especially time and power, for the reason that, Chinese people beside do the heart work and smart work beside hard work, human have to do smart work, we have to think smart way to do our job, find a smart strategy, tactic, and technology to ease our job and to rest our life efficiently and effectively to get the maximum result of it. Here are the eight characters of dragon that become the references by the Chinese:
1. Work Hard
2. Full of motivation
3. Confidence and Honesty
4. Family hood
5. Positive thinking
6. Affection
7. Handy to catch opportunity
8. Continuity in learning
Dragon is considered as the soul of change that reflects wisdom and power, the concept of change the dragon is called as Wu Chang. Wu Chang tells that everything is change for sure, as the change of butterfly from caterpillar to chrysalis then come up as beautiful butterfly, so do human, they born as baby then grow up to the child, teenage, adult and get old. This change concept is developing for every times, because of that the proverb that we hear for times about it that “Tomorrow must be better than today”.
IV. The Comparison of work ethic between Madura’s and Chinese
Discussing the work ethic of Madura’s people and Chinese is interesting, because as we see in the economy world, the two ethnic explained above dominate big part of business world in Indonesia. To compare two work ethics of Madura’s people and Chinese, we have to understand their similarities and differences.
The similarities are found in the characteristics that they have related to work ethic; some characteristics are written in the table below:
Madura’s People
• Energetic
• Full of motivation
• Work Hard
• Honesty
• Diligent, etc.
• Most both of them chose to trade as their job
Chinese
The difference is found in the belief that they embrace related to their work ethic:
Madura’s people Chinese
Their work ethic is influenced by Islamic doctrine, Appropriate to the Islamic doctrine that they embrace; they run their life to reach the happiness of world and hereafter. The activity of aekhteyar (to make effort) become the most important thing by Madura people, because this approach will give bigger opportunity to get succeed. The work ethic of Madura People is known so high, because they think that work is a part of their religious service. In their vision of life, they believe to the faith and stability, but at the same time they consider that faith can be change by doing thrift, good effort and work hard, they also make stretch ethnic connection, some characteristics internalizing to Chinese leading them to those wonderful succeed in trading world, that characters are came from the belief of their forefathers, to always learn the characteristics of dragon. They also believe that work is divided into three dispositions; there are hard work, smart work, and heart work.
Ethic comes from Greek (Ethos) which means habit, behavior, personality, character, and faith in something. Ethic means a certain and based attitude which draw the relation pattern between human with their selves and their society. Work Ethic is ascribed to one’s personal moral tendencies to work. It is the reflection from the life‘s attitude, it is also the reflection of life’s vision which is oriented to the transcendent values. It involves the attitude, behavior, respect, passion, commitment, communication, and interaction how one person gets along with others, such as honesty, doing a job well, valuing what one does, having a sense of purpose and feeling or being a part of a greater vision, integrity, and humility. Work Ethics are intrinsic, they come from within, and everyone has their own pattern of work ethics. In fact, work ethic is experiencing of construction and reconstruction by society. It means that the internal factor of human’s work ethic is also influenced by the external factor of human life (social milieu).
The function and the purpose of Work Ethic is the certain impeller of action and individual’s activities, it also has some functions to;
• To impel an action
• To passionate an activity
• To move up the work’s action (it depends on the amounts of motivation)
II. Work Ethic of Madura’s
Almost all of Madura’s people are the trader, and some Madura’s people leave their hometown to risk their life in other area, based on resident census in 2000 that 52 % of Madura’s people leave their island to find job in other towns. Related to their vision of life that so close to the Islamic doctrine, Madura people apply their religion doctrine to their individual and social life, and also in the understanding of Work Ethic. Because of that, the Islamic identity is the prominent thing for most of Madura’s people. Appropriate to the Islamic doctrine that they embrace, they run their life to reach the happiness of world and hereafter. The activity of aekhteyar (to make effort) become the most important thing by Madura’s people, because this approach will give bigger opportunity to get succeed. In accordance to the explanation above, we can see that the work ethic of Madura people is interconnected to the Islamic doctrine.
The work ethic of Madura’s People is known so high, because they think that work is a part of their religious service. Here below are the characteristics of Madura’s people related to their work ethic:
1 Madura’s work ethic is indicated very high, because impulsively, they assume that work is part from their religion service according to Islam.
2 Madura’s people become more energetic when they feel free from their social environment.
3 A few of Madura’s Vocabulary which have typical meaning to work ethic are :
a. Bharenteng (very energetic),
b. Bhajeng (diligent),
c. Cakang (handy),
d. Parekas (full of initiative), tangginas (active),
e. Abhanteng tolang (work hard)
f. Abhabha’ (work by conscripting all of abilities)
g. Aceko (work energetically with their busy hands)
h. Acemeng (work diligently till cannot be calm)
i. Apokpak (do the two or more jobs at the same time)
j. Asepsap (work by wandering around)
4 Madura’s people believe that they have to work efficiently and effectively
5 Madura’s people are known as the most diligent and energetic mankind
6 Madura’s people convince that they are not allowed to waste their time in their valuable short life; they appreciate their time as good as possible.
III. Work Ethic of Chinese
In Indonesia for specifically, the most traders beside Madura’s people are the Chinese. They come in Indonesia in about 16th till 19th century. As the same with Madura people, Chinese who leave their hometown to go abroad have the ability to trade, they have some supporting characteristics which support their condition, and they are independent, thrift, hard worker, eager spirit to make effort, and they build strong ethnic connection. In their vision of life, they believe to the faith and stability, but at the same time they consider that faith can be change by doing thrift, good effort and work hard. Sometimes, Chinese live exclusively in their group; this attitude is not because they are solitary, but as the minority in foreign country, they feel more comfortable if they live together with their same ethnic.
Here are some characteristics of Chinese leading to their work ethic:
Based on the book written by Johanes Arifin Wijaya entitled Karakter Naga, he wrote that there are some characteristics internalizing to Chinese leading them to those wonderful succeed in trading world, that characters are came from the belief of their forefathers, to always learn the characteristics of dragon.
Dragon to the Chinese is a symbol of productivity and renewing, so it brings positive influences to all of creatures in the world.
They also believe that work is divided into three dispositions; there are hard work, smart work, and heart work. They believe that work harder is not the only way to get succeed, because human have limited resources, for especially time and power, for the reason that, Chinese people beside do the heart work and smart work beside hard work, human have to do smart work, we have to think smart way to do our job, find a smart strategy, tactic, and technology to ease our job and to rest our life efficiently and effectively to get the maximum result of it. Here are the eight characters of dragon that become the references by the Chinese:
1. Work Hard
2. Full of motivation
3. Confidence and Honesty
4. Family hood
5. Positive thinking
6. Affection
7. Handy to catch opportunity
8. Continuity in learning
Dragon is considered as the soul of change that reflects wisdom and power, the concept of change the dragon is called as Wu Chang. Wu Chang tells that everything is change for sure, as the change of butterfly from caterpillar to chrysalis then come up as beautiful butterfly, so do human, they born as baby then grow up to the child, teenage, adult and get old. This change concept is developing for every times, because of that the proverb that we hear for times about it that “Tomorrow must be better than today”.
IV. The Comparison of work ethic between Madura’s and Chinese
Discussing the work ethic of Madura’s people and Chinese is interesting, because as we see in the economy world, the two ethnic explained above dominate big part of business world in Indonesia. To compare two work ethics of Madura’s people and Chinese, we have to understand their similarities and differences.
The similarities are found in the characteristics that they have related to work ethic; some characteristics are written in the table below:
Madura’s People
• Energetic
• Full of motivation
• Work Hard
• Honesty
• Diligent, etc.
• Most both of them chose to trade as their job
Chinese
The difference is found in the belief that they embrace related to their work ethic:
Madura’s people Chinese
Their work ethic is influenced by Islamic doctrine, Appropriate to the Islamic doctrine that they embrace; they run their life to reach the happiness of world and hereafter. The activity of aekhteyar (to make effort) become the most important thing by Madura people, because this approach will give bigger opportunity to get succeed. The work ethic of Madura People is known so high, because they think that work is a part of their religious service. In their vision of life, they believe to the faith and stability, but at the same time they consider that faith can be change by doing thrift, good effort and work hard, they also make stretch ethnic connection, some characteristics internalizing to Chinese leading them to those wonderful succeed in trading world, that characters are came from the belief of their forefathers, to always learn the characteristics of dragon. They also believe that work is divided into three dispositions; there are hard work, smart work, and heart work.
An Analysis on William Shakespeare’s Poem All the World is Stage
I. The Poem of All the World is Stage
All the World is Stage is the poem taken from William Shakespeare’s play entitled As You like It. The character who says those beautiful words known as Jacques, the melancholy man who wants to compare the world to a stage and life to a play, and catalogues the seven stages of a man's life, sometimes referred to as the seven ages of man: infant, schoolboy, lover, soldier, justice, pantaloon, and second childhood.
All the World is Stage is the most frequently-quoted phrases, because it has a deep meaning of life, it is made in sonnet form with twenty eight lines. All the World is Stage is considered as the most favorite passage that is quoted by people all over the world.
William Shakespeare never publishes his works, it makes the manuscript of his works is difficult to find, and even the date of the making process. It is believed that As You like It. it was first performed between 1599 and 1600. And it was printed in 1623.
To make the reader more understand the poem of William Shakespeare entitled All the World is Stage which is taken from his famous play entitled As You like It, to the best my knowledge; it needs to know slightly about the story of the play. Here below is written the summary of the story:
As You like It is considered by many to be one of Shakespeare's greatest comedies, and the heroine, Rosalind, is praised as one of his most inspiring characters and has more lines than any of Shakespeare's female characters. Rosalind, the daughter of a banished duke falls in love with Orlando the disinherited son of one of the duke's friends. When she is banished from the court by her usurping uncle, Duke Frederick, Rosalind switches genders and as Ganymede travels with her loyal cousin Celia and the jester Touchstone to the Forest of Arden, where her father and his friends live in exile. Observations on life and love follow (including love, aging, the natural world, and death) friends are made, and families are reunited. By the play's end Ganymede, once again Rosalind marries her Orlando. Two other sets of lovers are also wed, one of them Celia and Orlando's mean older brother Oliver, As Oliver becomes a gentler, kinder young man so the Duke conveniently changes his ways and turns to religion and so that the exiled Duke, father of Rosalind, can rule once again.
After knowing the story where the poem is taken, then we begin to recognize the poem itself. Here is All the World is Stage taken from William Shakespeare’s play entitled As You like It:
All the World is Stage
"All the world's a stage,
And all the men and women merely players;
They have their exits and their entrances;
And one man in his time plays many parts,
His acts being seven ages. At first the infant,
Mewling and puking in the nurse's arms;
And then the whining school-boy, with his satchel
And shining morning face, creeping like snail
Unwillingly to school. And then the lover,
Sighing like furnace, with a woeful ballad
Made to his mistress' eyebrow. Then a soldier,
Full of strange oaths, and bearded like the pard,
Jealous in honor, sudden and quick in quarrel,
Seeking the bubble reputation
Even in the cannon's mouth. And then the justice,
In fair round belly with good capon lin'd,
With eyes severe and beard of formal cut,
Full of wise saws and modern instances;
And so he plays his part. The sixth age shifts
Into the lean and slipper'd pantaloon,
With spectacles on nose and pouch on side;
His youthful hose, well sav'd, a world too wide
For his shrunk shank; and his big manly voice,
Turning again toward childish treble, pipes
And whistles in his sound. Last scene of all,
That ends this strange eventful history,
Is second childishness and mere oblivion;
Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans everything."
— Jacques (Act II, Scene VII, lines 139-166)
II. An Internal Analysis on the poem All the World is Stage
An internal analysis on the poem All the World is Stage is involved poetic devices which arrange the word to such of meaningful phrases. The poetic devices found in the poem All the World is Stage is written below:
POETIC DEVICES ANALYZED THE PHRASES THE EXPLANATION
1. Analogy: the comparison of two things by explaining one to show how it is similar to the other.
"All the world's a stage,
And all the men and women merely players;
The word “World” is compared with “Stage” where “All the men and women” are compared with “Players”
2. Caesura: the pausing or stopping within a line of poetry caused by needed punctuation.
And then the whining school-boy, with his satchel
And shining morning face, creeping like snail
The punctuation of commas (,) are used to pause the phrase in order to strengthen the meaning and to ease the reader get the meaning of it.
3. Imagery: Imagery involves one or more of your five senses (hearing, taste, touch, smell, sight).
With eyes severe and beard of formal cut, (line 17)
With spectacles on nose and pouch on side;(line 21)
For his shrunk shank; and his big manly voice (line 23)
And whistles in his sound. Last scene of all (line 25)
Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans everything."(line 28)
An author uses those words or phrases to stimulate your memory of those senses. These memories can be positive or negative which will contribute to the mood of your poem
4. Oxymoron: the use of contradictory terms (together) for effect. And all the men and women merely players;
They have their exits and their entrances; The word “Men” contradicts to “Women” and also the word “Exit” contradict to “Entrance”.
5. Simile: the comparison of two unlike things by saying one is like or as the other
Sighing like furnace, with a woeful ballad
It simile the passion of men in their romance age with the “furnace” (Sighing like furnace)
6. Free verse: a poem without either a rhyme or a rhythm scheme, although rhyme may be used, just without a pattern.
All of the Poem The pattern of the poem is unstructured, there are no rhyme scheme as it is found in the other classic poem.
7. Theme: The central idea, topic, or didactic quality of a work.
All The World is Stage The central idea of the poem is about life and it comparison to the stage. The stage is the analogy of life with men and women as the players.
8. Sonnet: a fourteen line poem in iambic pentameter with a prescribed rhyme scheme; its subject was traditionally love. Three variations are found frequently in English, although others are occasionally seen.
All of the Poem The poem is contained fourteen lines in iambic pentameter.
It contains 28 lines.
9. Point of View: The author’s point of view concentrates on the vantage point of the speaker, or “teller” of the story or poem. This may be considered the poem’s “voice” — the pervasive presence behind the overall work. This is also sometimes referred to as the persona.
• 1st Person: the speaker is a character in the story or poem and tells it from his/her perspective (uses “I”).
• 3rd Person limited: the speaker is not part of the story, but tells about the other characters through the limited perceptions of one other person.
• 3rd Person omniscient: the speaker is not part of the story, but is able to “know” and describe what all characters are thinking.
"All the world's a stage,
And all the men and women merely players;
They have their exits and their entrances;
And one man in his time plays many parts,
His acts being seven ages. In the All the World is Stage, the point of view used is 3rd person omniscient. The poet runs his function as the narrator and determiner at the same time. He describes and explains his characters obviously. As it is seen in line 5 through the last line, that tells about the ages of men and the process of it.
III. An External Analysis on the poem All the World is Stage
External factors which build the literary works have close relation to the age when it was made. The social milieu such as culture, custom, the experience of the writer, politic and economy situation play big role to the creation of literary works, and also poem.
In order to know the external factors which influence the poem, we should back to the certain age and the range of related age. We also need to learn the life of the author in order to know his creative writing process in making the poem, and another factor which influence him such as his reading, his study, his environment, and others.
ARCHETYPAL ANALYSIS
In analyzing this poem, the writer use Archetypal Approach related to the Greek mythology which is explaining about the seven ages of man.
Archetype means "original pattern or meaning". The Archetypal Approach aims to discover and demonstrate the basic cultural pattern or common heritage of mankind in a work of art.
The fire of archetypal criticism was Carl Gustav Jung's The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious. Archetypal Criticism, which owes its origins to the work of Carl Jung, emerged in the 1930s and focuses on those patterns in a literary work that commonly occur in other literary works. Jung posited that humanity has a "collective unconscious that manifests itself in dreams, myths, and literature through archetypes: persistent images, figures, and story patterns shared by people across diverse cultures". Archetypal critics search for archetypal patterns in literary works (e.g.,
character types, story lines, settings, symbols). According to Jung, these
patterns are embedded deep in the "collective unconscious" and involve
"racial memories" of situations, events, relationships from time immemorial. This work posits that there is a deeper layer which is not a personal acquisition, but is inborn. He calls this layer as the "collective unconscious" as the images and symbols ingrained here are universal or common to a particular race. It is because of this "racial memory" we find similar motifs of themes among different mythologies.
In short, myth criticism or archetypal criticism refers to the "practice of enunciating and critiquing the relation between myth and literature”. This is also known as totemic or ritualistic criticism.
Archetypal critics make the reasonable assumption that human beings all over the world have basic experiences in common and have developed similar stories and symbols to express these experiences. Their assumption that myths from distant countries might help to explain a work of literature might seem a little far-fetched.
BASIC PREMISES OF ARCHETYPAL THEORY:
1. The critic is at the center of interpretive activity, and the critic
functions as teacher, interpreter, priest, seer. Criticism is a structure
of thought and knowledge in its own right.
2. The critic works inductively by reading individual works and letting
critical principles shape them out of the literature; that is, the
critic examines the individual work to ascertain the archetypes underlying
the work.
3. Literary taste is not relevant to literary criticism.
4. Ethical criticism is important; that is, the critic must be aware of
art as a form of communication from the past to the present.
5. All literary works are considered part of tradition.
6. Like mathematics, literature is a language that can provide the means
for expressing truths. Verbal constructs (i.e., the works of literature)
represent mythical outlines of universal truths.
GREEK MYTHOLOGY
Greek mythology comprises the collected legends of Greek gods and goddesses and ancient heroes and heroines, originally created and spread within an oral-poetic tradition, In their various legends, stories and hymns the gods of ancient Greece are nearly all described as human in appearance, unaging, nearly immune to all wounds and sickness, capable of becoming invisible, able to travel vast distances almost instantly, and able to speak through human beings with or without their knowledge. Each has his or her own specific appearance, genaeology, interests, personality, and area of expertise; however, these descriptions do have local variants that do not always agree with the descriptions used in other parts of the Greek-speaking world of the time. The poem contains mythological references in particular to Eden, to Hercules and to Christ.
It contains arresting imagery and figures of speech to develop the central metaphor: a person's lifespan being a play in seven acts. These acts, "seven ages," begin with "the infant or Mewling and puking in the nurse's arms" and work through six further vivid verbal sketches, culminating in "second childishness and mere oblivion, sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans everything."
Further explanation will be explained in the analysis below.
AN ANALYSIS ON THE EXTERNAL ASPECTS RELATED TO THE SEVEN AGES OF MAN
No PHRASES EXPLANATION
1 At first the infant,
Mewling and puking in the nurse's arms;
Infancy: In this stage he is a baby
2 And then the whining school-boy, with his satchel
And shining morning face, creeping like snail
Unwillingly to school. Childhood: It is in this stage that he begins to go to school. He is reluctant to leave the protected environment of his home as he is still not confident enough to exercise his own discretion.
3 And then the lover,
Sighing like furnace, with a woeful ballad
Made to his mistress' eyebrow. Then a soldier,
Full of strange oaths, and bearded like the pard,
Jealous in honor, sudden and quick in quarrel,
Seeking the bubble reputation
Even in the cannon's mouth The lover: In this stage he is always remorseful due to some reason or other, especially the loss of love. He tries to express feelings through song or some other cultural activity
4 Then a soldier,
Full of strange oaths, and bearded like the pard,
Jealous in honor, sudden and quick in quarrel,
Seeking the bubble reputation
Even in the cannon's mouth The soldier: It is in this age that he thinks less of himself and begins to think more of others. He is very easily aroused and is hot headed. He is always working towards making a reputation for himself and gaining recognition, however short-lived it may be, even at the cost of his own life.
5 And then the justice,
In fair round belly with good capon lin'd,
With eyes severe and beard of formal cut,
Full of wise saws and modern instances;
And so he plays his part. The justice: In this stage he has acquired wisdom through the many experiences he has had in life. He has reached a stage where he has gained prosperity and social status. He becomes very attentive of his looks and begins to enjoy the finer things of life
6 The sixth age shifts
Into the lean and slipper'd pantaloon,
With spectacles on nose and pouch on side;
His youthful hose, well sav'd, a world too wide
For his shrunk shank; and his big manly voice,
Turning again toward childish treble, pipes
And whistles in his sound Old age: He begins to lose his charm — both physical and mental. He begins to become the brunt of others' jokes. He loses his firmness and assertiveness, and shrinks in stature and personality.
7 Last scene of all,
That ends this strange eventful history,
Is second childishness and mere oblivion;
Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans everything Mental dementia and death: He loses his status and he becomes a non-entity. He becomes dependent on others like a child and is in need of constant support before finally dying.
REFERENCES
http://knol.google.com/k/kolammal-shankar/archetypal-approach-in-literary/zia3csj8plbo/1#
http://www.intech.mnsu.edu/bunkers/archetypal_theory.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_You_Like_It
http://www.greece-museums.com/greek-mythology.php
http://www.bintmagazine.com/bint_stories/500.php?story_id=475
All the World is Stage is the poem taken from William Shakespeare’s play entitled As You like It. The character who says those beautiful words known as Jacques, the melancholy man who wants to compare the world to a stage and life to a play, and catalogues the seven stages of a man's life, sometimes referred to as the seven ages of man: infant, schoolboy, lover, soldier, justice, pantaloon, and second childhood.
All the World is Stage is the most frequently-quoted phrases, because it has a deep meaning of life, it is made in sonnet form with twenty eight lines. All the World is Stage is considered as the most favorite passage that is quoted by people all over the world.
William Shakespeare never publishes his works, it makes the manuscript of his works is difficult to find, and even the date of the making process. It is believed that As You like It. it was first performed between 1599 and 1600. And it was printed in 1623.
To make the reader more understand the poem of William Shakespeare entitled All the World is Stage which is taken from his famous play entitled As You like It, to the best my knowledge; it needs to know slightly about the story of the play. Here below is written the summary of the story:
As You like It is considered by many to be one of Shakespeare's greatest comedies, and the heroine, Rosalind, is praised as one of his most inspiring characters and has more lines than any of Shakespeare's female characters. Rosalind, the daughter of a banished duke falls in love with Orlando the disinherited son of one of the duke's friends. When she is banished from the court by her usurping uncle, Duke Frederick, Rosalind switches genders and as Ganymede travels with her loyal cousin Celia and the jester Touchstone to the Forest of Arden, where her father and his friends live in exile. Observations on life and love follow (including love, aging, the natural world, and death) friends are made, and families are reunited. By the play's end Ganymede, once again Rosalind marries her Orlando. Two other sets of lovers are also wed, one of them Celia and Orlando's mean older brother Oliver, As Oliver becomes a gentler, kinder young man so the Duke conveniently changes his ways and turns to religion and so that the exiled Duke, father of Rosalind, can rule once again.
After knowing the story where the poem is taken, then we begin to recognize the poem itself. Here is All the World is Stage taken from William Shakespeare’s play entitled As You like It:
All the World is Stage
"All the world's a stage,
And all the men and women merely players;
They have their exits and their entrances;
And one man in his time plays many parts,
His acts being seven ages. At first the infant,
Mewling and puking in the nurse's arms;
And then the whining school-boy, with his satchel
And shining morning face, creeping like snail
Unwillingly to school. And then the lover,
Sighing like furnace, with a woeful ballad
Made to his mistress' eyebrow. Then a soldier,
Full of strange oaths, and bearded like the pard,
Jealous in honor, sudden and quick in quarrel,
Seeking the bubble reputation
Even in the cannon's mouth. And then the justice,
In fair round belly with good capon lin'd,
With eyes severe and beard of formal cut,
Full of wise saws and modern instances;
And so he plays his part. The sixth age shifts
Into the lean and slipper'd pantaloon,
With spectacles on nose and pouch on side;
His youthful hose, well sav'd, a world too wide
For his shrunk shank; and his big manly voice,
Turning again toward childish treble, pipes
And whistles in his sound. Last scene of all,
That ends this strange eventful history,
Is second childishness and mere oblivion;
Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans everything."
— Jacques (Act II, Scene VII, lines 139-166)
II. An Internal Analysis on the poem All the World is Stage
An internal analysis on the poem All the World is Stage is involved poetic devices which arrange the word to such of meaningful phrases. The poetic devices found in the poem All the World is Stage is written below:
POETIC DEVICES ANALYZED THE PHRASES THE EXPLANATION
1. Analogy: the comparison of two things by explaining one to show how it is similar to the other.
"All the world's a stage,
And all the men and women merely players;
The word “World” is compared with “Stage” where “All the men and women” are compared with “Players”
2. Caesura: the pausing or stopping within a line of poetry caused by needed punctuation.
And then the whining school-boy, with his satchel
And shining morning face, creeping like snail
The punctuation of commas (,) are used to pause the phrase in order to strengthen the meaning and to ease the reader get the meaning of it.
3. Imagery: Imagery involves one or more of your five senses (hearing, taste, touch, smell, sight).
With eyes severe and beard of formal cut, (line 17)
With spectacles on nose and pouch on side;(line 21)
For his shrunk shank; and his big manly voice (line 23)
And whistles in his sound. Last scene of all (line 25)
Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans everything."(line 28)
An author uses those words or phrases to stimulate your memory of those senses. These memories can be positive or negative which will contribute to the mood of your poem
4. Oxymoron: the use of contradictory terms (together) for effect. And all the men and women merely players;
They have their exits and their entrances; The word “Men” contradicts to “Women” and also the word “Exit” contradict to “Entrance”.
5. Simile: the comparison of two unlike things by saying one is like or as the other
Sighing like furnace, with a woeful ballad
It simile the passion of men in their romance age with the “furnace” (Sighing like furnace)
6. Free verse: a poem without either a rhyme or a rhythm scheme, although rhyme may be used, just without a pattern.
All of the Poem The pattern of the poem is unstructured, there are no rhyme scheme as it is found in the other classic poem.
7. Theme: The central idea, topic, or didactic quality of a work.
All The World is Stage The central idea of the poem is about life and it comparison to the stage. The stage is the analogy of life with men and women as the players.
8. Sonnet: a fourteen line poem in iambic pentameter with a prescribed rhyme scheme; its subject was traditionally love. Three variations are found frequently in English, although others are occasionally seen.
All of the Poem The poem is contained fourteen lines in iambic pentameter.
It contains 28 lines.
9. Point of View: The author’s point of view concentrates on the vantage point of the speaker, or “teller” of the story or poem. This may be considered the poem’s “voice” — the pervasive presence behind the overall work. This is also sometimes referred to as the persona.
• 1st Person: the speaker is a character in the story or poem and tells it from his/her perspective (uses “I”).
• 3rd Person limited: the speaker is not part of the story, but tells about the other characters through the limited perceptions of one other person.
• 3rd Person omniscient: the speaker is not part of the story, but is able to “know” and describe what all characters are thinking.
"All the world's a stage,
And all the men and women merely players;
They have their exits and their entrances;
And one man in his time plays many parts,
His acts being seven ages. In the All the World is Stage, the point of view used is 3rd person omniscient. The poet runs his function as the narrator and determiner at the same time. He describes and explains his characters obviously. As it is seen in line 5 through the last line, that tells about the ages of men and the process of it.
III. An External Analysis on the poem All the World is Stage
External factors which build the literary works have close relation to the age when it was made. The social milieu such as culture, custom, the experience of the writer, politic and economy situation play big role to the creation of literary works, and also poem.
In order to know the external factors which influence the poem, we should back to the certain age and the range of related age. We also need to learn the life of the author in order to know his creative writing process in making the poem, and another factor which influence him such as his reading, his study, his environment, and others.
ARCHETYPAL ANALYSIS
In analyzing this poem, the writer use Archetypal Approach related to the Greek mythology which is explaining about the seven ages of man.
Archetype means "original pattern or meaning". The Archetypal Approach aims to discover and demonstrate the basic cultural pattern or common heritage of mankind in a work of art.
The fire of archetypal criticism was Carl Gustav Jung's The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious. Archetypal Criticism, which owes its origins to the work of Carl Jung, emerged in the 1930s and focuses on those patterns in a literary work that commonly occur in other literary works. Jung posited that humanity has a "collective unconscious that manifests itself in dreams, myths, and literature through archetypes: persistent images, figures, and story patterns shared by people across diverse cultures". Archetypal critics search for archetypal patterns in literary works (e.g.,
character types, story lines, settings, symbols). According to Jung, these
patterns are embedded deep in the "collective unconscious" and involve
"racial memories" of situations, events, relationships from time immemorial. This work posits that there is a deeper layer which is not a personal acquisition, but is inborn. He calls this layer as the "collective unconscious" as the images and symbols ingrained here are universal or common to a particular race. It is because of this "racial memory" we find similar motifs of themes among different mythologies.
In short, myth criticism or archetypal criticism refers to the "practice of enunciating and critiquing the relation between myth and literature”. This is also known as totemic or ritualistic criticism.
Archetypal critics make the reasonable assumption that human beings all over the world have basic experiences in common and have developed similar stories and symbols to express these experiences. Their assumption that myths from distant countries might help to explain a work of literature might seem a little far-fetched.
BASIC PREMISES OF ARCHETYPAL THEORY:
1. The critic is at the center of interpretive activity, and the critic
functions as teacher, interpreter, priest, seer. Criticism is a structure
of thought and knowledge in its own right.
2. The critic works inductively by reading individual works and letting
critical principles shape them out of the literature; that is, the
critic examines the individual work to ascertain the archetypes underlying
the work.
3. Literary taste is not relevant to literary criticism.
4. Ethical criticism is important; that is, the critic must be aware of
art as a form of communication from the past to the present.
5. All literary works are considered part of tradition.
6. Like mathematics, literature is a language that can provide the means
for expressing truths. Verbal constructs (i.e., the works of literature)
represent mythical outlines of universal truths.
GREEK MYTHOLOGY
Greek mythology comprises the collected legends of Greek gods and goddesses and ancient heroes and heroines, originally created and spread within an oral-poetic tradition, In their various legends, stories and hymns the gods of ancient Greece are nearly all described as human in appearance, unaging, nearly immune to all wounds and sickness, capable of becoming invisible, able to travel vast distances almost instantly, and able to speak through human beings with or without their knowledge. Each has his or her own specific appearance, genaeology, interests, personality, and area of expertise; however, these descriptions do have local variants that do not always agree with the descriptions used in other parts of the Greek-speaking world of the time. The poem contains mythological references in particular to Eden, to Hercules and to Christ.
It contains arresting imagery and figures of speech to develop the central metaphor: a person's lifespan being a play in seven acts. These acts, "seven ages," begin with "the infant or Mewling and puking in the nurse's arms" and work through six further vivid verbal sketches, culminating in "second childishness and mere oblivion, sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans everything."
Further explanation will be explained in the analysis below.
AN ANALYSIS ON THE EXTERNAL ASPECTS RELATED TO THE SEVEN AGES OF MAN
No PHRASES EXPLANATION
1 At first the infant,
Mewling and puking in the nurse's arms;
Infancy: In this stage he is a baby
2 And then the whining school-boy, with his satchel
And shining morning face, creeping like snail
Unwillingly to school. Childhood: It is in this stage that he begins to go to school. He is reluctant to leave the protected environment of his home as he is still not confident enough to exercise his own discretion.
3 And then the lover,
Sighing like furnace, with a woeful ballad
Made to his mistress' eyebrow. Then a soldier,
Full of strange oaths, and bearded like the pard,
Jealous in honor, sudden and quick in quarrel,
Seeking the bubble reputation
Even in the cannon's mouth The lover: In this stage he is always remorseful due to some reason or other, especially the loss of love. He tries to express feelings through song or some other cultural activity
4 Then a soldier,
Full of strange oaths, and bearded like the pard,
Jealous in honor, sudden and quick in quarrel,
Seeking the bubble reputation
Even in the cannon's mouth The soldier: It is in this age that he thinks less of himself and begins to think more of others. He is very easily aroused and is hot headed. He is always working towards making a reputation for himself and gaining recognition, however short-lived it may be, even at the cost of his own life.
5 And then the justice,
In fair round belly with good capon lin'd,
With eyes severe and beard of formal cut,
Full of wise saws and modern instances;
And so he plays his part. The justice: In this stage he has acquired wisdom through the many experiences he has had in life. He has reached a stage where he has gained prosperity and social status. He becomes very attentive of his looks and begins to enjoy the finer things of life
6 The sixth age shifts
Into the lean and slipper'd pantaloon,
With spectacles on nose and pouch on side;
His youthful hose, well sav'd, a world too wide
For his shrunk shank; and his big manly voice,
Turning again toward childish treble, pipes
And whistles in his sound Old age: He begins to lose his charm — both physical and mental. He begins to become the brunt of others' jokes. He loses his firmness and assertiveness, and shrinks in stature and personality.
7 Last scene of all,
That ends this strange eventful history,
Is second childishness and mere oblivion;
Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans everything Mental dementia and death: He loses his status and he becomes a non-entity. He becomes dependent on others like a child and is in need of constant support before finally dying.
REFERENCES
http://knol.google.com/k/kolammal-shankar/archetypal-approach-in-literary/zia3csj8plbo/1#
http://www.intech.mnsu.edu/bunkers/archetypal_theory.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_You_Like_It
http://www.greece-museums.com/greek-mythology.php
http://www.bintmagazine.com/bint_stories/500.php?story_id=475
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)
